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1、Negation (正说反译、反说正译法),The English language has its peculiarities in negation. Of course, English-speaking people have their own way of thinking in the negation and expressing negative implications. What is affirmative in form in English may be implied something negative in Chinese, and vice versa. T
2、he use of “yes” and “no” is a case in point. 1. -“Are you not going tomorrow?” -“No, Im not going.” 2. “I dont think youre right in this point.”,Leave me alone! Go away! 别烦我！走开！ Feel at home. 别见外，别客气。 I went to the airport to meet my friend but missed her. 我去机场接朋友，可是没接着。 Good winner, good loser. 胜不骄
3、，败不馁。,Discussion: 你真不是东西！？ What a creature you are! What a fool you are! You are a sheer idiot. 我认为你不是东西。 I think you are an idiot. I dont think you are trustworthy. 你算什么东西！ You, really, are nothing. You think you are something. No, far from it.,一、原文用肯定语气，译文用否定语气 1You have roused my curiosity. And n
4、ow you must gratify it. a) 你既然挑起了我的好奇心，就别再吊我的胃口了。 b）你既然激起了我的好奇心，就别再卖关子了。 c）你既然激起了我的好奇心，就别再遮遮掩掩了。 2Appearances are often deceptive. 外表往往是靠不住的。 3She was irritated at being denied the opportunity to get a pay rise. 她没有得到涨工资的机会，非常生气。,4She is the last person to trust with a secret. 她是最不能保守秘密的人。 5It escap
5、es your notice that she has changed so much. 你没注意到她变化那么大。 6. The computer is beyond repair. You might as well buy a new one. 这台电脑修不好了，你不如买台新的算了。 7. Women who do house work by the hour may make nearly as much as public school teachers, if they work the same number of hours. 做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，其收入同公立学校的教
6、师的工资差不多。 做家务的钟点女工在同样的时间内，挣钱不比公立学校的教师少。,8. They accepted the peace proposal with dignity. 他们不失体面地接受了这项和平方案。 9. While she liked his works, she pointed out areas where improvement was possible. 尽管喜欢他的作品，但她仍指出某些地方有待改进。 尽管她喜欢他的作品，但仍指出其不足之处。 10. She seemed pale from the absence of all cosmetics. 因为没有化妆，她看
7、上去面色苍白。,11. At the news of his fathers death, he remained quiet for several days. 得知父亲过世的消息，他好几天都一言不发。 12. Before too many years passed, corner gasoline stations may be replaced by battery-recharging terminals. 用不了多少年，街头加油站就有可能被蓄电池充电站所代替。 13. Decision has to come. 决定还没有做出。 14. He was 75, but he carr
8、ied his years lightly. 他75岁了，可是并不显老。,二、原文用肯定语气，译文用否定语气 1The hotel staff spared no pains to ensure that our stay was as joyable as possible. 旅馆工作人员竭尽所能让我们住得舒适些。 2Nothing but a miracle could prevent the company from going bankrupt. 只有奇迹发生，这家公司才能免于破产。 3Your negligence was nothing less than criminal. 你的
9、疏忽简直是犯罪。/ 你的疏忽无异于犯罪。 4She couldnt find anywhere to live, though not for want of trying. 她四下里寻找住处，仍是找不到。,5Dont lose time in handing in the exercise books. 立即把作业本交上来。 6If all three of you take part in it, there can be no further questioning of your courage. 要是你们三位都参加，那就足以证明你们勇气可嘉。（反译） 要是你们三位都参加，无疑你们是有
10、勇气的。（正译） 7We could not be more mistaken. 我们大错特错了。,8You can not be too careful in proofreading. 校对时越仔细越好。 9I couldnt agree with you more. 我完全同意。 10Anybody less like a dictator they would not find. 他是他们所见到的最霸道的人了。（反译） 他们再也找不到比他更霸道的人了。（正译）,从以上例句中可以看出，正反译法所涉及到的不仅有词、词组，还有句子。再如： 1. Such a chance denied me
11、. 我没有得到这样一个机会。（动词） 2. The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations. 虽然他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。（ 动词） 3. “Dont unstring your shoes, Rody,” she said. 她说：“把鞋带系上，罗迪。”（动词） 4. Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect given up his position dishonorably. 许多人认为首相辞职实际上很丢面子。 （副词）,5. We may safely
12、say so. 我们这样说万无一失。（副词） 6. The explanation is pretty thin. 这个解释相当不充分。（形容词） 7. His refusal is not final. 他的拒绝并非不可改变。（形容词） 8. He was an indecisive sort of person and always inconstant. 他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。 （形容词） 9. Miss Smith kept to her room all day. 史密斯小姐终日足不出户。(短语),10. You should seize the opportunity
13、 at any moment to put in a good word for me. 你应该不失时机为我说说情。(短语) 11. The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer. 调查结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。(短语) 12. Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon. 今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。(短语),13. Jim was no end upset because he couldnt go
14、swimming. 吉姆非常心烦，因为他不能去游泳。(短语) 14. If it worked once, it can work twice. 一次得手，再次不愁。(句子) 15. Let bygones be bygones. 既往不咎。(句子) 16. He was not going to lose sight of me. 他一直在监视我的行踪。（句子）,Repetition (重译法),Strictly speaking, repetition is under amplification, namely supplying some necessary words in targ
15、et language. But this amplification is different from what we discussed in Chapter IV. Here we mean to repeat the same words or phrases which are given previously in the version. Repetition is employed for the sake of clearness, for the sake of emphasis, and for the sake of vividness.,重复译法主要体现在以下几个方
16、面： 1、英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个、第三个前置词的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把名词重复； 2、英语句子常常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中要重复这个动词； 3、英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词； 4、英语中两个并列句中后句的动词承接前文省略，而在汉语中独立的分句必须具备谓语，翻译时必须重复译出英语中省略的动词。 5、英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按照汉语习惯重复其所代替的名词。,一、 重复名词和动词 1. Since most new smokers apparently are women, my
17、 friends confusion was understandable. And there are more than ever since September 11. （1）因为多数新近成为烟民的显然都是女性，我朋友把她们混同为妓女，是可以理解的。自9.11事件发生后，抽烟的女性超过以往任何时候。 （2）大多数的新烟民似乎都是女性，我的朋友误以为她们是妓女也情有可原。自9.11事件发生后，抽烟的女性人数比以往任何时候都多。,2. Americans view relationships in terms of “rights”; Chinese in terms of “obligat
18、ions” - to family, to ones elders, to the country. 美国人以“权利”看待关系，而中国人则以“义务”看待关系：包括对家庭的义务、对长辈的义务和对国家的义务。 3. Detroit owes its rapid growth and one-time prosperity to the automobile, and above all to Henry Ford. 底特律的迅速发展和一度繁荣归功于汽车业，尤其归功于亨利-福特。 4. Westerners think in “prose”, each sentence or paragraph f
19、ollowing from the preceding. 西方人思维方式是“散文式”的，每句话、每个段落都承接着前句或前段。,5. Populations increase and decrease relatively not only to one another, but also to natural resources. 人口的增减不仅彼此有相对关系，而且也和自然资源有相对关系。 6. Americans are beginning to realize that this terrible problem of poverty is their problem and not ju
20、st the Governments. 美国人开始意识到可怕的贫困问题不仅是政府的问题，更是他们自己的问题。,7. Genetically engineered rice is the key to Asias food security, to feed impoverished millions. 转基因大米对于保障亚洲粮食供给十分重要，对于保证贫穷的数百万人民温饱也十分重要。 8. Justice will inevitably prevail over evil, light over darkness and progress over backwardness. 正义终将战胜邪恶，
21、光明终将送走黑暗，进步终将替代倒退。,9. The 21st century executive must be a global strategist, working as deftly in Tokyo as in New York. He sees - then seizes - markets worldwide. 21世纪的行政主管必须是全球战略家，无论在东京还是在纽约，都能应付自如。他能够纵览全球市场，把握市场机遇。 10. Ericsson launched its slim and smart new model which analysts expect will boos
22、t profits but not market share in the tough mobile phone market. 手机市场竞争激烈，爱立信公司推出小巧时尚的新机型，专家预测这种机型能够增加利润，但不会扩大市场份额。,12. Some theaters concentrate on the classics and serious dramas, some on light comedy, some on musicals. 有些剧院集中上演经典剧目和严肃戏剧，有些剧院集中上演轻喜剧，而有些剧院则集中上演音乐剧。 13. Around the world, laws on hum
23、an cloning research are either restrictive, absent, or are lagging behind what is happening in the laboratory. （1）全世界关于克隆人研究的法律要么加以限制，要么缺乏，要么落后于实验室的进程。 （2）全世界关于克隆人研究要么以法律加以限制，要么缺乏此类法律，要么立法滞后于实验室研究的进展。,二. 重复代词 1). Jesse opened his eyes. They were filled with tears. 杰西睁开眼，眼里充满了泪水。 2). He hated failure
24、; he had conquered it in his own life, risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生中曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 3). Happy family also had their own troubles. 幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。 4). Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their own lines. 强国有强国的策略，小国有小国的路线。,5). Each country has its
25、 own customs. 各国都有各国的风俗。 6). Whoever violates the disciplines should be criticized. 谁犯了纪律，谁就该受到批评。 7). Come to my office and have a talk with me whenever you are free. 你什么时候有空，就什么时候到我办公室来谈一谈。 8) Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside. 上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。 或：有的上大学了，有的下乡了。,三、重
26、复形容词 1). We want such materials as can bear high temperature and pressure. 我们需要能耐高温、高压的材料。 2). Everybody appreciates polite words and manners. 每个人都会赞赏礼貌的言辞和礼貌的举止。 3). They are loyal to the motherland and the people. 他们忠于祖国，忠于人民。,四、为了生动而重复 1). There had been too much publicity about his love affairs. 他的风流韵事已经是满城风雨、人人皆知了。 2). The boasts were flat. 祝酒辞时平平淡淡的。 3). The kid is always in rags as if he were an orphan. 那个孩子整天穿得破破烂烂，就像个孤儿似的。,