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1、-1、dominant predominant sovereign这些形容词均含有“占优势的，支配其它的”之意。dominant : 强调权威。The British were formerly dominant in India.（英国人从前统治印度。）predominant : 侧重指影响与新近的优势。The predominant feature of his character was pride.（他的性格中主要的特点是骄傲。）sovereign : 侧重指其他事物都从属于或低于它的。The Queen has sovereign power.（女王握有统治权。）2、disgrace
2、 humiliate shame dishonor这些动词均含“使丢脸、使受耻辱”之意。disgrace : 侧重在别人，尤其在众人面前丢脸。They have disgraced the whole school.（他们给整个学校都丢了脸。）humiliate : 强调受辱者自尊心的损坏。Parents are humiliated if their children behave badly when guests are present.（子女在客人面前举止失当, 父母也失体面。）shame : 指由不光彩或不道德的行为引起的惭愧感或羞耻感。The classs unruly behav
3、ior shamed the teacher.（这班学生不守规矩的行为使老师感到羞愧。）dishonor : 有时可与disgrace换用，但前者是指因失去荣誉所致。Theres no dishonor in losing.（失败并不是耻辱。）4、discern discriminate distinguish这些动词均有“区别、辨别”之意。discern : 语义较笼统，着重精深与准确的观察力，不一定有能分辨关系密切的各项事物的含义。I soon discerned that the man was lying.（我很快便察觉出这个人是在撒谎。）discriminate : 语气强，指从十分
4、相似的事物中辨出差异，尤其把好坏区分开来。They can discriminate hundreds of colors.（他们能分辨上百种颜色。）distinguish : 普通用词，指辨别者的能力或实际观察到的区别，强调辨别所需的技巧。We can distinguish between gold and silver.（我们能区分金和银。） 5、describe represent sketch picture这些动词均有“描写、描述”之意。describe : 侧重指描述细节，给读者或听众提供清晰的视觉图像。She described in detail their resistin
5、g the invaders.（她详细叙述了他们抵抗侵略者的事迹。）represent : 指有代表性或象征性地描述或讲述。The painting represents the scene of a bumper harvest.（这幅画描绘了丰收的景象。）sketch : 指快速地勾勒或概略地叙述。The historical article sketched the major events of the decade.(这篇有关历史的文章概述了这十年中的重大事件。)picture : 着重能够栩栩如生地把事物或场景等描绘出来。The speaker pictured the suffe
6、ring of the poor vividly.(演讲者很生动地描述了穷人的生活。)6、divide separate part divorce这些动词都有“分开”之意。divide : 指把一个整体按要求分成几个部分，暗示分配之意；也可指分开两个对立的事物。This class is too large, we shall have to divide it.(这个班太大了, 我们得把它分一分。)separate :指把两个人或物分开，着重从原属一个整体中移居一部分或把两者隔开。The war separated many families.(战争使许多家庭离散。)part :多指使紧密相
7、连的人或物分开，往往暗示最后分离的意味。The couple parted amicably.(这对夫妻客气地分手了。)divorce: 特指两个或更多的互为依赖的事物的分离，尤指婚姻的合法解体。She divorced him after years of unhappiness.(经过多年不愉快的生活,她跟他离婚了。)7、despise scorn look down upon这些动词或短语动词均表示轻视，蔑视”之意。despise : 指由于卑鄙、软弱，渺小或无价值等而被轻视。Honest boys despise lies and liars.（诚实的孩子鄙视谎言和说谎者。）scorn
8、 : 语气较强，指极端的蔑视，常伴有愤怒或恼怒的情感。She scorned the view that inflation was already beaten.（她嘲笑那种认为通货膨胀已被消除的观点。）look down upon :指自视地位优越而蔑视他人或事。Dont look down upon others, you are just a common guy.（不要瞧不起别人，你只不过是个普通人。）8、Achievement accomplishment featachievement：指需要勇气和努力才能完成的异常危险和困难的事，其结果令人敬佩accomplishment：需要
9、学问或付出一定劳动后才能且已经完成的或做好了的事feat：“功绩，技艺，壮举”，指需要极大的勇气、智慧和力量或技术获得的成就，这一成就受人瞩目和佩服9、acknowledge confess admit recognizeacknowledge：着重“公开承认”，常用来指过去曾隐瞒或否认的事confess ：着重承认自己的过错或罪恶admit：是指在压力下不得不承认已经证实或难以否认的事实recognize：指正式承认主权、权利等10、alike like likelyalike：只做表语，可用much或very much修饰，不能用very修饰I always confuse the sis
10、ters: they look so alike. 我总是分不出这对姐妹, 她们看上去简直一模一样.These kittens look exactly alike how can you tell which is which? 这些小猫看上去一模一样-你怎麽能分出哪个是哪个?like ：既可作定语也可作表语，前面可用very修饰Do you feel like a walk? 你想去散散步吗？likely ：可能的Ive heard whispers that the firm is likely to go bankrupt. 我听到传闻说公司很可能要破产.11、assert claim
11、 allege affirmassert： “宣称，坚持”，指不管事实如何，主观自信地宣称We encouraged him to assert his view of the matter. 我们鼓励他坚持自己对此事的看法。claim： “声称，主张”，往往表示说话者反对或不同意某一观点，或指根据某种规定提出的要求或主张The matter claimed our serious attention. 这件事需要我们认真注意。allege： “宣称，断定”，指在无真实凭据情况下宣称The police alleged that the man was murdered but they ha
12、ve given no proof. 警方声称这男子是被谋杀的，但未提出任何证据。affirm： 侧重在作出断言时表现出的坚定与不可动摇的态度。His achievements have been affirmed.他的成绩得到了肯定。12、subject topic title三个词都有题目，主题的意思。subject： 指文章、谈话等的主要内容或是标题；topic：一般指话题；title ：用于书籍、文章的标题，但有时可与subject互换。13、charm attract enchantcharm： 指以一种魅力把人迷住；attract: 既可以指一般的吸引，也可以指引起异性的爱慕；en
13、chant: 通常用来指使被迷住的人欢喜，如：The music enchanted us all.14、allow permit let admitallow ：常指听任或默许某人去做，含有消极地不加反对或阻止的意思，也有表示客气的请求She wont allow the children in(to the house) until theyve wiped their shoes. 孩子们不把鞋擦乾净, 她就不让他们进（屋）.permit ：常指法令的允许或不允许，也能表示含有积极地同意某人去做；表示允许时，能和allow可以互换Ill come after the meeting if
14、 time permits. 如果时间许可的话，我开完会就来。let ：指积极允许，不加反对或阻止，但不能用于被动结构(x)I dont agree with all you say, but Ill let it go at that. 我并不完全同意你说的话，但我不再多说了。admit：指允许某人进入某场所、单位或加入某单位、组织This sentence admits of several interpretations. 这个句子可以有多种解释。15、descend drop fall sink这些动词都表示“落下，下降”之意。descend : 通常指沿斜线或斜坡下降。They de
15、scended the slope towards the hamlet.(他们顺坡下山, 向那个村子走去。)drop :指物体从一定高度落下。The apple blossom is beginning to drop.(苹果树上的花开始落了。)fall与drop同义，指突然或猛烈地降落，但fall也可指任何下落，同高度或形式无关。The leaves begin to fall when autumn comes.(秋天来临时, 树叶开始落下。)sink :指在空气或水中垂直下降、下沉。The sun is sinking in the west.(太阳西下。)16、hold contai
16、n accommodatehold ：指房间或大厅能容纳（多少人等）contain ：用容器装纳，也可指房间、大厅等的容纳，着重“其中确实包含有”accommodate ：即可表示提供，也可表示容纳，指“舒适地容纳17、dash rush这两个动词都有“冲，奔”之意。dash :指以最快的速度向前奔驰。The horse dashed onward.（那匹马向前直冲。）rush : 指因急躁或事务紧急而采取快速行动。Dont rush, take your time.（别急急忙忙的, 慢慢来。）18、dead dying这两个形容词都有“死”之意。dead : 指已停止呼吸和心脏跳动，与ali
17、ve(活着的，活的)相对。The baby was born dead.（婴儿生下时就已死了。）dying: 指奄奄一息，行将死亡。A man should study till his dying day.（活到老, 学到老。）19、act action deedact：各自的和单一的行为，强调行为的结果, Think well before you act. 要三思而后行。action ：整体的行为，常用在机械、物理用语中Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于空谈。deed ：较为庄重、显著、伟大而感人的行为，且具有持久性We should be tru
18、e in word and resolute in deed. 我们应该言必信，行必果。20、adequate enough sufficientadequate： 常含有“充分但刚好足够之程度”的意思Thats not an adequate explanation. 这并不足以说明问题.enough ：指数量、份量或程度能满足一种愿望，特别是物质上的需要Do you have enough time to finish the paper? 你有足够的时间写完论文吗？sufficient ：指数量上尤指程度上多能满足或叨叨某种特殊需要，The money I have saved is s
19、ufficient for buying a car. 我所存的钱足以买一辆汽车。21、cold cool chilly frosty freezing icy这些形容词均含“冷、凉”之意。cold : 最普通用词，强调缺乏温暖，使人不舒服。I cant stand the cold.（这么冷我受不了。）cool : 指既不太热也不太冷。Its late summer; soon the days will be cooler.（夏末了, 很快天气就将更凉爽。）chilly: 指使哆嗦的冷。I grew chilly when the fire went out.（炉火熄灭后,寒气逼人。）fr
20、osty: 指雾气在寒冷物体的表面凝结成薄冰时的严寒结霜的温度。The day dawned cold and frosty.（天亮时天气酷寒。）freezing : 指使人僵直，使东西凝固的冷。It is freezing outside, and put on your winter coat.（外面很冷, 穿上你的大衣吧。）icy: 多指风暴、风雪和水等冷得使人感到如刺如割。An icy wind bit our faces.（寒风扑面,冷彻骨髓。）21、tension， strain，stress，intensitytension:（心理、形势）紧张There is mounting
21、tension along the border.边境局势日益紧张。strain: 压力、重负Their marriage is under great strain at the moment.眼下他们的婚姻关系很紧张。The rope broke under the strain. 绳子被拉断了。stress:压力、（心理、生理或情绪上的）紧张Under the stress of poverty. Things can easily go wrong when people are under stress.人在压力之下办事就容易出错。 intensity: 强烈、剧烈The storm
22、 resumed with even greater intensity.风暴更猛烈地再度肆虐。22、discharge, dismiss, fire这些动词都有解雇，开除“之意。discharge : 语气较重，指有理由的解雇，含几乎不再复用的意味。The boss discharged her because of her absence.（老板因她缺勤而把她解雇了。）dismiss : 正式用词，是这组词中语气最轻的一个词，一般只有从上文才能看解雇的原因或理由。The new governor dismissed the staff that served his predecessor
23、.（新州长将前任州长的职员全部解雇。）fire : 口语用词，多指被断然地突然解雇，其行动犹如开枪一样干净利落。The manager fired Bob because he was always late for work.（鲍勃因上班总迟到而被经理解雇。23、hold out /back /up /offhold out:伸出（手、某物等）He held out the keys and I took them.他伸手把钥匙递过来，我接了。hold (sth) back:隐瞒、控制感情hold back informationShe just managed hold bavk her
24、anger.她勉强控制住了自己的怒火。hold (sth) up:支持住、举起She is holding up well under the pressure.她承受住了压力。hold (sth) off:战胜、克服She hold off all the last-minute challengers and won the race in a new record time.她最后一课甩掉了所有的对手，以最新的记录赢得了赛跑冠军。24、agree on/upon agree to agree with agree on/upon : 对意见一致The two sides failed t
25、o agree on every point but came to an accommodation. 双方并非在每一点上意见都一致, 但已达成和解.agree to : 同意，答应To my disappointment, my father doesnt agree to buy me a new bike. 我父亲不同意给我买新脚踏车, 我很失望。agree with : 一致，赞同，（食物、气候等）适合Saying and doing should agree with each other. 言行应该一致。25、discover find detect ascertain这些动词均
26、有“发现”之意。discover : 普通用词，指发现本来存在，但示被认识的事物、真理或情况。Recently they have discovered a comet.(最近他们发现了一颗彗星。)find : 普通用词，可指偶然发现，也可指经过寻找后得到或重新获得已失去的东西。强调动作的结果。I have found the lost book.(我已经找到丢失的书了。)detect : 正式用词，强调经过周密观察或研究而有所获得和发现，尤指发现有意隐藏之物。The sensors can also detect the presence of nuclear, chemical or bi
27、ological agents. (传感器也能侦测到核物质、化学物质或是生物物质的存在。)ascertain ：较正式用词，指有意搜寻与发现。I ascertained the disease to be diphtheria. 我确定该病为白喉。26、devise conceive formulate这些动词的均含“设计、设想”之意。devise : 侧重设计的临时性和权宜性，并隐含有更多的设想可用。He has devised a scheme for making money.(他想出一个赚钱的办法。)conceive: 强调在制定计划之前的先有设想构思。I conceived that
28、 there must be some difficulties.(我料想到一定有些困难。)formulate：与conceive相反，指在devise之后的具体设计活动。He formulated a plan of attack.(他制定了进攻计划。)词义补充：formulate vt.1. 使公式化；用公式表示；把化成公式2. 系统(或确切)地阐述(或提出)(理论、计划等)：eg. to formulate a new theory系统地阐述一种新理论3. 构想出(计划、方法等)；规划(制度等)4. 制定的配方；按配方制造(或配制)变形:conceive knsi:v vt. 怀孕；构思
29、；以为；持有vi. 怀孕；设想；考虑27、abridge shorten abbreviateabridge：通过压缩删节而减少，但核心部分仍保留shorten：在长度、时间、范围等方面缩减abbreviate：指单词、短语通过压缩或省略某些部分而缩短phrases：1、acquaintacquaint oneself with 熟悉，精通，通晓be / get / become acquainted with 与（人）相识；了解；精通（事物）2、looklook through sb 假装没有看见而不理会某人Yesterday I saw her on the campus, but she
30、 just looked straight through me.look through sth 快速查看、浏览She looked through her notes before the exam.3、seesee through sb/sth 看破、识破（某人或某物）I can see through your little game.(小把戏)see sb through 帮助某人度过难关Her courage and good humor saw her through.see sth through 把（工作等）坚持完成We are determined to see the j
31、ob through.4、allall the same 都一样Whether they win or lose is all the same to me. 他们是赢是输於我都一样.in all 总共We numbered 20 (ie There were 20 of us) in all. 我们共计20人.not at all一点也不I am not at all satisfied with the present situation. 我对现状根本不满意。5、addadd to 增加add up to 合计为in addition 此外，另外in addition to sth./d
32、oing 除之外，另外6、anythinganything but 根本不，除以外决不Climbing Mt. Everest is anything but a pleasure trip. 登圣母峰绝不是一次轻松的旅途。anything of （用于疑问句、if从句）有点；（用于否定句）一点也不Is he anything of a sportsman? 他有点运动员的风度吗？7、answeranswer for: 对负责I agree but I cant answer for my colleagues. 我同意，但是我不能代表我的同事们。in answer to 作为回答，响应In
33、answer to my shouts people ran to help. 听到我的呼叫声，人们就赶来救我。8、afterafter all 毕竟ask after 询问be/go after 追求，寻求look after 照管one after another 一个接一个地take after 长得像，性格上像9、 in any case 不管怎样In any case you must arrive there on time. 无论如何你必须按时到达那里。10、 if any 若有，即使有垃圾词汇1:help典型例句： Ill help you 。替代语 accomodate: I
34、ll endeavor to accomodate you。2: helpful典型例句：Sth is helpful (to sb)替代语 conducive: Sth is conducive to sb鉴于考研作文多关于道德和品格塑造，再给出两个有用的短语：time-honored 时代赋予的do credit to our forbears 继承先辈的优秀传统3: show典型例句：as it shows in the picture替代语 betray4: think典型例句： i think - -替代语deem5: ugly典型例句： xxx is ugly替代语 hideous
35、6: by the way典型例句： by the way,.。替代语 incidentally,.。7: because典型例句： xxx because xxx替代语 in that/in as much as: xxx because xxx8: consider典型例句： We must consider xxx替代语： allow for : We must allow for xxx9: much典型例句： there has been a much increase in the world population替代语：there has been a drastic increase in the -10:about典型例句：it is about 250 times of that替代语 it is approximately -11:buy替代语 purchase-第 10 页-