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1、Poems and PoetsPoems are images in your mind. They let you go beyond the surface and discover your deepest feelings.Language Focus-Word Power 1. Match each of the following words with its explanation, and then make a sentence of your own with each of them.Language Focus-Word Power 2. Study the follo
2、wing words and try to give their corresponding verbs or nouns.attractionhesitatedecisioninspire interpretationrecognitionLanguage Focus-Word Power 3. Fill in the blanks with the right form of words from Task 2 to make a poem of your own. Then think of a title for your poem._Life is always full of _D
3、o not _When its time for you to make a _People may have different _ of lifeBut if you can _ its _Life will always be full of happiness and hope.LifeattractionshesitatedecisioninterpretationsrecognizeinspirationLanguage Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：动名词在句中主要起名
4、词的作用，可作主语和宾语：1.作主语作主语Walking is good exercise.走路是很好的运动。走路是很好的运动。Smoking may cause cancer.吸烟可能导致癌症。吸烟可能导致癌症。Popularizing the new method was not an easy job.推广那个新方法不是一件容易的推广那个新方法不是一件容易的事事。【注意注意】也可在下列句子结构中作主语：也可在下列句子结构中作主语：“Its no use/no good/fun/nice/a waste of time+ 动名词动名词”，在该结构中，在该结构中it是形式主语，真正的主是形式
5、主语，真正的主语是动名词。语是动名词。Its no use crying.哭没有用。哭没有用。Its nice talking with her.和她谈话很愉快。和她谈话很愉快。Its a waste of time arguing about it.辩论这事是浪费时间。辩论这事是浪费时间。Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：2.作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：Have you finished
6、 reading the book?这本书你读过了吗？（动词宾语）这本书你读过了吗？（动词宾语）He enjoys watching football matches.他喜欢观看足球赛。（动词宾语）他喜欢观看足球赛。（动词宾语）She is fond of playing the piano.她喜欢弹钢琴。（介词宾语）她喜欢弹钢琴。（介词宾语） He is used to taking a walk in the evening.他习惯于在晚间散步。（介词宾语）他习惯于在晚间散步。（介词宾语）Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and
7、Object动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：2.作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：【归纳归纳】1）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有：）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有： appreciate, finish, advise, avoid, stop, mind, admit, quit, enjoy, imagine, keep, require, postpone, risk, suggest, delay, practise, fancy, excuse, pa
8、rdon, advise, consider, deny, escape, miss, cant help, put off, give up, keep on, feel like, lead to, devote to, look forward to, object to, insist on, think of, dream of, prevent/stop/keep from, depend on, be/get/become used to, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be responsible for, Its wor
9、th等。等。2）在）在love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语：等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语： Do you like playing/to play chess? I prefer staying/to stay at home alone.Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject an
10、d Object动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：2.作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：【归纳归纳】1）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有：）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有： appreciate, finish, advise, avoid, stop, mind, admit, quit, enjoy, imagine, keep, require, postpone, risk, suggest, delay, practise, fancy, excuse,
11、pardon, advise, consider, deny, escape, miss, cant help, put off, give up, keep on, feel like, lead to, devote to, look forward to, object to, insist on, think of, dream of, prevent/stop/keep from, depend on, be/get/become used to, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be responsible for, Its w
12、orth等。等。2）在）在love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语：等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语： Do you like playing/to play chess? I prefer staying/to stay at home alone.Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject
13、and Object动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：动名词在句中主要起名词的作用，可作主语和宾语：2.作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：作宾语（作动词宾语或介词宾语）：【归纳归纳】1）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有：）在英语中用动名词而不用不定式作宾语的动词或动词短语有： appreciate, finish, advise, avoid, stop, mind, admit, quit, enjoy, imagine, keep, require, postpone, risk, suggest, delay, practise, fancy, excuse
14、, pardon, advise, consider, deny, escape, miss, cant help, put off, give up, keep on, feel like, lead to, devote to, look forward to, object to, insist on, think of, dream of, prevent/stop/keep from, depend on, be/get/become used to, succeed in, be interested in, be proud of, be responsible for, Its
15、 worth等。等。2）在）在love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, start, continue, intend, attempt, want, need, remember, forget, regret, try等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语：等动词后既可用动名词作宾语，又可用不定式作宾语： Do you like playing/to play chess? I prefer staying/to stay at home alone.Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subjec
16、t and Object【注意注意】有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object【注意注意】有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object【注意注意】有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：Language Foc
17、us-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object【注意注意】有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：有时这两种结构之间意义差别不大，有些意义却不同：Language Focus-GrammarThe -ing Form as Subject and Object 在在begin和和start后面，后面， 如果如果begin和和start本身是进行时态或表示本身是进行时态或表示“有意识地开始做某事有意识地开始做某事”， 多多用动名词作宾语。用动名词作宾语。 They began to realize that they had been wron
18、g.他们开始明白他们错了。他们开始明白他们错了。 We are beginning to see it more clearly.我们看得越来越清楚了我们看得越来越清楚了。3）下面几种结构中，要用动名词：）下面几种结构中，要用动名词： What about+动名词动名词? “怎样怎样/如何如何?” How about+动名词动名词? “怎样怎样/如何如何?” There is no use/good+动名词动名词.“没有用处没有用处/好处。好处。” No parking/No smoking/No spitting!禁止停车禁止停车/禁止吸烟禁止吸烟/禁止吐痰禁止吐痰！Language Foc
19、us-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。1.不定式的形式：不定式的形式： 主动主动/被动被动 一般式一般式 to do to be done 进行式进行式 to be doing 完成式完成式 to have done/to have been done 完成进行式完成进行式 to have been doing 否定式否定式 not/never + （to） doLanguage Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具
20、有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：1）作主语：）作主语： To make a speech here is an honor. To lose heart means failure. 动词动词不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语不定式短语作主语时，常用形式主语it作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式：作形式主语，如上两句可用如下形式： It is an honor to make a speech here. It means failure to lose heart. Language Focus-GrammarThe Infin
21、itive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：1）作主语：）作主语： 常用常用结构：结构： It+be+ adj./n.+ for sb. to do sth. It+be+ adj. + of sb. to do sth. =sb. be + adj. + to do sth. （常见形容词常见形容词:clever, silly, foolish, stupid, wise, kind, rude, impolite, careless, cruel, crazy, etc.） It
22、s necessary for us to have a good knowledge of English. It is foolish of you to make such a mistake.=You are foolish to make such a mistake.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 2)作表语：作表语： Her wish is to become a novelist. He ap
23、pears to have caught a cold. 不定式不定式一般紧跟在系动词如一般紧跟在系动词如be, seem, remain, appear等后面等后面,用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，用来说明主语的内容。这类结构中的主语一般为名词，如：如：idea, purpose, hope, plan, intention, wish, dream, etc. My purpose is to teach them a lesson.有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。有时句子主语也可以是不定式或名词性从句。 To be strict with students is
24、to be responsible to them.What I want to do is （to）tell you the truth.如果主语中含有如果主语中含有do的任何形式的任何形式, 那么不定式可以省去那么不定式可以省去to。The only thing he could do was （to） tell the truth.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。比较比较:sth.+be +不定式（作表语）不定式（作表语）: 表示主语的具体内容
25、表示主语的具体内容sth.+be +不定式（作表语）不定式（作表语）: 表示时态（将来时）表示时态（将来时）He is to tidy up the room. His plan is to tidy up the room.动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别动名词和不定式在句中作表语的区别:A.一般情况下区别不大一般情况下区别不大,可通用可通用 Seeing is believing. =To see is to believe.B. 动名词表示较抽象或习惯性的动作动名词表示较抽象或习惯性的动作, 而不定式表示某次具体的动作。而不定式表示某次具体的动作。My job is typing pap
26、ers. My job now is to type these papers.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 3）作宾语：）作宾语：A.动词动词+ to不定式不定式常见动词常见动词: hope, wish, long, want, refuse, pretend, promise, agree, aim, decide, expect, offer, fail, plan, learn, manage, i
27、ntend, desire, etc.I longed to become an artist.He helped （to） bring up the orphan.B.动词动词+（间接宾语）（间接宾语）+疑问词疑问词+ to不定式不定式常见动词常见动词: know, decide, wonder, learn, remember, understand, find out, etc. I dont know what to say to comfort her.The farmer showed us how to milk the cow.Language Focus-GrammarThe
28、 Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 3）作宾语：）作宾语：C.动词动词+ it+宾语补足语宾语补足语+（ for sb.）+ to不定式：不定式：常见动词常见动词:find, consider, think, make, feel, etc. Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.I think it important for you to recite some English ar
29、ticles.D.介词介词but, except后可接后可接to不定式作宾语。不定式作宾语。注意注意:句中谓语或非谓语部分含有句中谓语或非谓语部分含有do，那么不定式可省去，那么不定式可省去to。Seeing the room crowded, I had no choice but to stand in the dark.Seeing the room crowded, I could do nothing but stand in the dark.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的
30、特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：4）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：A.动词动词/动词词组动词词组+宾语宾语+to不定式不定式常见动词常见动词: want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, allow, permit, help, advise, persuade, cause, force, warn, invite, urge, encourage, prepare, call on, would like, wait for, etc.I got them to join us in the discussion.Th
31、ey are waiting for the school bus to come.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：4）作宾语补足语：）作宾语补足语：B.动词动词+宾语宾语+不带不带to的不定式的不定式常用动词常用动词: feel （一感）（一感） ; hear, listen to（二听）（二听）; make, let, have（三让）（三让）; see, watch, observe, notice, l
32、ook at（四看）（四看） ;help （半帮助（半帮助,可带可带to或不带或不带to），），etc. 但改为被动语态时，不定式要加但改为被动语态时，不定式要加to。 I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.比较比较: I saw him crossing the road. He was seen crossing the road. I saw him carried downstairs. He was seen to be carried downstairs.Language Focus-GrammarThe I
33、nfinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 5）作定语：（考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上）作定语：（考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上） A.与被修饰名词构成动宾关系与被修饰名词构成动宾关系 I have a meeting to attend. He found a good house to live in. （如果不定式由不及物动词构成，其后应有适当的介词。）（如果不定式由不及物动词构成，其后应有适当的介词。） 如果如果不定式修饰不定式
34、修饰time, place, way，可以省略介词：，可以省略介词： He has no place to live. This is the best way to work out this problem. 注意注意:如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语如果句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语,不定式就用被动语态表示。比较不定式就用被动语态表示。比较: I am going to the post office, for I have a letter to post. I am going to the post office, do you have any letter to be pos
35、ted?Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 5）作定语：（考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上）作定语：（考点集中在动词不定式与被修饰词的逻辑关系的判断上）B.与被修饰名词构成主谓关系与被修饰名词构成主谓关系He is the right person to do that job.He is the first to get here.注意注意:不定式不定式+介词修饰名词也可以转换成介词介词修饰名词
36、也可以转换成介词+关系代词（关系代词（whom或或which）+不定式。不定式。Mary is a nice companion to travel with. Mary is a nice companion with whom to travel.I got a piece of paper to write on. I got a piece of paper on which to write.C说明所修饰名词的内容说明所修饰名词的内容 We have made a plan to finish the work . Jane expressed a wish to earn her
37、own living.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： 6）作状语）作状语A.表目的表目的 He worked day and night to pay off the debt.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：注意不定式逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：To save money, every means has been trie
38、d. （）To save money, he has tried every means. （）= He has tried every means in order to/so as to save money. = In order to save money, he has tried every means.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： B.表结果表结果I visited him only to f
39、ind him out.Would you be so kind as to tell me the way to the Garden Hotel?His behavior is such as to make his friends angry.The patient is strong enough to walk about.too to结构结构Its too dark for us to see anything.The question is too simple for him to answer.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式
40、：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能： B.表结果表结果注：对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：注：对少数几个表示心情或倾向的形容词，如：glad, ready, pleased, willing, anxious, happy, satisfied, etc.用于用于too to结构时表示肯定意义。结构时表示肯定意义。They were too anxious to leave.I am only/but too glad to do you the favor. C.表原因表原因They w
41、ere very excited to hear the news that their team had won the game.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。2.不定式的句法功能：不定式的句法功能：7）作插入语和同位语：）作插入语和同位语： 常见常见插入语插入语:to tell （you） the truth/to be frank; truth to tell实不相瞒实不相瞒;to start/begin with; to conclude
42、; to make matter worse; to be more exact确切地讲确切地讲;to make a long story short长话短说，简而言之长话短说，简而言之;to be fair公平地说，公平地说，凭心而论凭心而论;to be sure肯定地，毫无疑问地肯定地，毫无疑问地To tell （you） the truth, I dont like the way he talked.To make matters worse, the computer broke down.We have made a plan to finish the work.Her wish
43、 to be an air hostess has never come true.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。3.不定式的时态不定式的时态:1）一般式）一般式（to）动词原形：不定式的一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。）动词原形：不定式的一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后。 The policeman made the thief stand in the corner.
44、 The play is said to be made into a film soon.2）进行式）进行式to be+现在分词：不定式的进行式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生。（现在分词：不定式的进行式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词动作同时发生。（seem, appear, happen, pretend等动词的结构中）等动词的结构中） The boy pretended to be working hard. =The boy pretended that he was working hard. He seems to be reading in his study. =It s
45、eems that he is reading in his study.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。3.不定式的时态不定式的时态:3）完成式）完成式to have +过去分词：不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前。过去分词：不定式的完成式所表示的动作或状态发生在谓语动词动作之前。 I regretted to have told a lie. I happened to have seen the film. The nove
46、l is said to have been translated into several foreign languages. =It is said that the novel has been translated into several foreign languages. 比较比较: I must be off now. I am pleased to have met/meeting you all.（分手告别时）（分手告别时） Pleased to meet you, Mr. Cook.（初次见面时）（初次见面时）Language Focus-GrammarThe Infi
47、nitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。4.不定式的语态不定式的语态:1） 如不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者如不定式的逻辑主语是动作的承受者, 不定式需用被动语态不定式需用被动语态to be +过去分词过去分词 He dislikes to be praised in public. The only animal to be seen in the desert was the camel.2） 主动的形式表示被动主动的形式表示被动: A.句中存在不定式的逻辑主语句中存在不定式的逻辑主语, 构成逻辑上的主谓关系：构
48、成逻辑上的主谓关系： The master gave his dog a few bones to eat. I have a lot of papers to type. （比较比较:I am free now. Do you have any papers to be typed?）Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。4.不定式的语态不定式的语态:2） 主动的形式表示被动主动的形式表示被动: B.在在“形容词形容词+不定式不定式”结构中结构中, 如不
49、定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系如不定式与句子主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,那么不定式多用主动语态。那么不定式多用主动语态。 常见常见形容词：形容词：hard, difficult, easy, fit, cheap, expensive, interesting, etc. The water is fit to drink. The couch is comfortable to sit on.=It is comfortable to sit on the couch. The sentence is easy to explain. =It is easy to be explained
50、. The tea is bitter to taste. C.在在there be结构中结构中,倾向于用不定式主动语态表示被动意义。倾向于用不定式主动语态表示被动意义。 There is always much work to do in the house.Language Focus-GrammarThe Infinitive动词不定式：（动词不定式：（to）+ do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。4.不定式的语态不定式的语态:2） 主动的形式表示被动主动的形式表示被动: D.下列句子惯用不定式主动语态。下列句子惯用不定式主动语态。 The house i