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1、1 第二部分 语法及语法填空 高考命题综述 新课程标准 中明确规定:高中生应该学习和掌握的英语语言基础知识包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五方面的内容。而为了提高考查语法知识运用的科学性,从语篇层次考查学生对所学语法知识运用的情况,自 2014 年开始,新课标全国卷利用语法填空题取代了多年的单项选择题。 考情分析定位考点明确训练方向 根据上表可以将语法填空的考情归纳为以下几点: 1语法考查面广 语法填空题考查考生对词法、句法及语法知识的掌握情况,涉及了考试说明 中大部分的语法知识,如词性转换,名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、介词、连词及特殊句式等语法项目。 2重点内容突出 从命题趋势上
2、来看,尽管考点覆盖面广,但并非苛求于这一点,而是对一些重要的语法项目进行重点考查,如:动词、形容词和副词以及连词等。 3命题形式变化 语法填空题分为有提示词和无提示词两种。即 : 根据所提供的单词填写其正确的形式为给出提示词的考查;要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容为无提示词考查。2015 年考试说明中的新变化是由原来“要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(不多于 3个单词)”改变为“要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容(1 个单词)。” 解题流程明析步骤强化解题思路 根据以上考情分析可以明显看出, 语法填空并非单纯考查语法, 这就要求考生不但要掌握好基础语法知识而且要能在特定的语境中
3、正确的运用语法知识。其解题流程如下(见图): 2 为提高学生的解题能力和正确率, 下面对基础语法知识及其在语法填空题中的运用技巧进行系统的讲解。 3 专题一有提示词填空 高考中对有提示词填空的考查主要集中在以下几个语法项目中:(1)词性转换;(2)形容词、副词;(3)名词和主谓一致;(4)动词时态和语态;(5)非谓语动词。 第一讲词性转换 Part 真题变式体验 12015福建高考It was _ (consider) of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried. 答案:considerate根据空格位置在系动词之后可
4、以判断,应填 consider 的形容词considerate“体贴的,考虑周到的” 。 22015安徽高考They gave money to the old peoples home either_ (person) or through their companies. 答案:personally根据结构与 through their companies 并列,可知此处填 person 的副词personally“亲自” 。 3 2015湖北高考The girl used to be shy, but is _ (gradual) getting active in group work
5、 and is more willing to express herself. 答案:gradually此处修饰的是动词,且位于系动词之后,实义动词之前,故填副词,“逐渐地” 。 42015江苏高考Some schools will have to make_ (adjust) in agreement with the national soccer reform. 答案:adjustments考查词性转换,位于动词之后,介词之前,结合句意,可知填adjustments,“调整,适应” 。句意:为了与国家足球改革一致,一些学校必须做出相应调整。 52014安徽高考Why not buy a
6、 secondhand car first if you dont have enough money for a new one? Thats a good _ (suggest) 答案:suggestion因其前有不定冠词,故填 suggest 的名词 suggestion。 62014湖北高考Her _ (motivate) for writing was a desire for women to get the right to higher education. 答案:motivation形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式,此外后面的谓语动词为 was,故此处需用名词单数形式。 720
7、14福建高考With online shopping increasingly popular, the Internet is seen as an _ (efficiency) way of reaching target customers. 答案:efficient冠词与名词之间应为形容词形式。 82014安徽高考My good performance in the job interview left me _ (optimism) about my future and about what I can do here. 答案:optimistic考查形容词。(be) optimi
8、stic about 为固定短语,在本句中用形容词4 optimistic 作宾语补足语。 92014湖北高考What was so _ (impress) about Jasmine Westlands victory was that she came first in the marathon barefooted. 答案:impressivebe 动词后需用形容词作表语,impress 的形容词形式为 impressive。 102014湖北高考Instead of blaming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a _
9、(tolerate) smile and let him go. 答案:tolerant修饰名词 smile 需用形容词形式,故答案为 tolerant。 Part 语篇真题演练 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 2015课标全国卷The adobe dwellings (土坯房)_61_ (build) by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even_62_ most modern of architects and engineers. In addition
10、to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their_63_ (able) to “air condition” a house without _64_ (use) electric equipment. Walls made of adobe take in the heat from the sun on hot days and give out that heat _65_ (slow) during cool nights, thus warming the house. When a n
11、ew day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _66_ (cool) the house during the hot day; _67_ the same time, they warm up again for the night. This cycle _68_ (go) day after day: The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely of
12、fset (抵消) for the outside temperatures. As _69_ (nature) architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _70_ thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.,66.to_cool。考查固定句式“enough to do sth.”。 Step 1:通读全文,掌握主旨大意。 本文讲述的是美国 Pueblo 印第安人所建土坯房独特的调节室温的特点。 Step 2:逐题解答,确定答案。 61
13、built。空格所在句中“are admired”是谓语,故考查非谓语形式,位于名词之后且两者为被动关系,可知答案。 62the。空格后是最高级修饰名词,故考查形容词最高级的用法。 63ability。空前为形容词性物主代词,可推知此处考查词性转换。 64using。空格位于介词之后,应填名词或动名词形式。 65slowly。根据句意可知此处考查词性转换,“慢慢地释放” ,故填副词。 67at。考查固定短语,此处为介词。 68goes。根据句子结构可知,此处填谓语,注意时态、语态、主谓一致。 69natural。考查词性转换,修饰名词应填形容词。 70how。根据句式结构,此处应填连词,且后面
14、为形容词,故可知答案。 Step 3:代入验证。 需考虑语法结构正确且语义符合逻辑,语法结合语义才能确保万无一失。 5 知识 清单 (1)动词转换为名词;(2)名词与形容词的转换; (3)形容词转换为副词 ;(4)形容词与动词的转换; (5)否定前缀与后缀。 学情 分析 (1)考生对基本的词性转换规则不能熟练掌握和运用。 (2)考生对各词性在句子中的基本功能不清,缺乏语言功能意识。 考点一动词 动词变名词常用的后缀 (1)mentachieveachievement argue argument (2)ion operate operation express expression (3)at
15、ion prepare preparation pronounce pronunciation (4)sion permit permission decide decision (5)al arrive arrival survive survival (6)ance accept acceptance appear appearance (7)ence refer reference exist existence (8)其他behavebehavior know knowledge fly flight mix mixture succeed success die death 注:表示
16、容易出错的词性转换。(下同) 典例 12015揭阳市学业水平考试Though doctors refused to believe this, some _ (react) was seen through my important signs as they changed, depending on the visitors. 解析reaction根据空格的位置可判断应填名词,react 的名词为 reaction。在句中作主语,且谓语是“was seen”为单数,故填 reaction。 考点二名词与形容词的转换 1 名词变形容词时常用的后缀 (1)名词yangerangry healt
17、h healthy 6 (2)名词ful care careful use useful (3)名词able reason reasonable comfort comfortable (4)名词ous danger dangerous mystery mysterious (5)名词ly friend friendly love lovely (6)名词al music musical nature natural (7)名词变 ce 为 t importance important absence absent (8)名词ish fool foolish child childish 典例
18、 22016山东潍坊一模The designers could not have dreamed that she would become such a _(globe) star as she is today. 解析global根据空格在句子中的位置可知此空格应为定语修饰“star”,故用形容词global。 2 形容词变名词时常加的后缀 (1)形容词后nesshappyhappiness sick sickness (2)形容词后th true truth warm warmth (3)形容词后y difficult difficulty (4)形容词后ity real reality
19、 active activity (5)形容词变 o 为 e 加 th strong strength long length (6)其他 high height deep depth 典例 32016河北衡水中学联考四They covered the whole tree with ribbons to show their wholehearted _ (happy) and willingness to welcome him back. 解析happiness根据 and 可知, 此空的词性与 “willingness”一致, 故填 happy 的名词,填 happiness。考点三形
20、容词转换为副词 形容词加ly 变副词的规律 (1)直接lycasualcasually complete completely (2)以le 结尾的去 ey terrible terribly 7 simple simply (3)以y 结尾的变 y 为 i,再加ly easy easily happy happily (4)其他 shy shyly true truly 典例 42016广东茂名一模Then she closed her eyes and went _ (peace) back to sleep. 解析peacefully此处空格修饰动词“went”,故应用副词,peace
21、的副词为peacefully。考点四形容词与动词的转换 1 形容词变动词时常用的前后缀 (1)en形容词:richenrich able enable (2)形容词en wide widen sharp sharpen (3)ize modern modernize real realize (4)ify simple simplify diverse diversify 2 动词变形容词时常用的后缀 (1)动词ouscontinuecontinuous vary various (2)动词ed/ing excite excited exciting surprise surprised su
22、rprising (3)其他 die dead 典例 52016云南玉溪一中期中People visit other countries for _ (vary) reasons. 解析various根据该空在句中的功能,可判断此处填形容词,vary 的形容词是various。 典例 62016河南商丘一模So I think my childhood was _ (bore) and I was always complaining about it. 解析boring此空在系动词之后, 故应填形容词, 而动词 bore 的形容词有两个 bored和 boring,而此处表示“令人厌倦的”
23、,故填 boring。 考点五否定前缀与后缀 1 常用的否定前缀 (1)un形容词happy unhappy 8 lucky unlucky (2)im形容词 possible impossible polite impolite (3)in形容词 correct incorrect dependent independent (4)dis动词/名词 appear disappear advantage disadvantage (5)il以 l 开头的词 legal illegal logical illogical (6)mis动词/名词 understand misunderstand
24、leading misleading 典例 72016甘肃张掖期末Dont carry too much money or _ (necessary) credit cards. 解析unnecessary句意:不要携带太多的现金和没必要的信用卡。根据句意可知,此处应填 necessary 的反义词,即 unnecessary。 2 常用的否定后缀 名词lesshopehopeless use useless 9 NO.1 解题步骤 在语法填空中,对词性转换的考查是有提示词类的考点之一,其解题步骤如下: 1根据空格在句子中的位置及其在句子中的功能来判断该空格所需的词性。 2按照构词法的转换规则
25、及句意来确定词的正确形式。 NO.2 解题技巧 1.空格修饰动词、形容词或副词时,应填提示词的副词形式。 典例 82016河北唐山五校联考二A P3 computer is _ (probable) good enough for you. 解析probably空格的位置可以明显看出,此处修饰“good”这一形容词,故填提示词的副词形式 probably。 2空格修饰名词或代词以及作表语时,应填提示词的形容词形式。 典例 92016黑龙江哈六中一模That was Mums usual excuse when Dad said the wrong things or did something
26、 _ (fool) 解析foolish根据空格的位置处于不定代词之后且修饰不定代词,可知此处填形容词。fool 的形容词转换规则为在其后加ish,故答案是 foolish。 3空格前有冠词、形容词,形容词性物主代词或名词所有格,以及空格在介词后面时,通常填提示词的名词形式。 典例 102016山西四校联考二Deep worry began to destroy my _ (confident) 解析confidence根据空格位置可以判断此处填写名词,confident 变名词的规则为把“t”变“ce”,故答案是 confidence。 1.词性转换的基本规则要在平时阅读和训练时不断积累并反复强化词性意识,才能运用的熟练而准确。 2在词性转换后,要注意所填词的形式是否正确,如名词后需不需要加复数,以及副词的拼写规则是否正确等。