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1、Right attitude in this global villageAppreciate similarities, Accept differencesWe are alike, We are differentWarm-up: Read the following sayings aloud, and think it over: what do they mean to you? Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
2、 - Confucian saying性相近，习相远 -论语 One mans meat is another mans poison. - English proverb萝卜白菜，各有所爱！众口难调！ -中国谚语 God gave to every people a cup, cup of clay, and from this cup they drank life They all dipped in the water, but their cups were different. - R. Benedict 上帝给了每个人一个杯子、一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生.他们都是浸
3、在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已 -本尼迪克特 Why is one culture different from another?On the surface Perception (how we sense the world) Belief (what we believe as true) Value (a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)Why is one culture different from another?More deeply World view (religion) - Spiritual an
4、d psychological needs of people (life and death, creation of universe, relationship between humans and nature) - Social aspects of a culture (origin of society and groups within the society, relationship of individuals and groups to one another) Family (gender roles, individualism-collectivism, age,
5、 social skills) History (government, community, political system, key historical heroes, geography)What does cultural diversity mean?Cultural patterns - conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceive and think about the world - the manner in which they live in that worldSome cautio
6、nsThe value of the culture may not be the value of all individuals within that culture.It is useful to visualize each cultural pattern as a point on a continuum rather than one of only two possible responses.The patterns are interrelated with a host of other values and do not operate in isolation.Co
7、mmon cultural patterns must be limited to the dominant culture in each country.Significance of studying cultural diversities When we study cultural differences, we mainly refer to the deep structure of culture (below the iceberg) Although culture is subject to change, the deep structure of a culture
8、 is resistant to change. The comparison and contrast of different cultures help understand ones own culture and other cultures, which will ultimately enhance the effect of intercultural communication.Question:How can we compare one culture with another to find out their similarities and differences?
9、How to classify different cultures?Culture patternsKluckhohn and Strodtbecks Value OrientationHofstedes Dimensions of Cultural VariabilityEdward T HallsContext - Culture TheoryHuman NatureMan-natureTimeActivitySocial RelationshipIndividualism VsCollectivismUncertainty AvoidancePower DistanceMasculin
10、ity VsFemininityHigh-ContextLow-Context1. Model by Kluckhohn5 basic questions that need answering at the root of any culture: 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is th
11、e mode of human relationship?1) = Human nature orientation 人性取向人性取向2) = Man-nature orientation 人天取向人天取向3) = Time orientation 时间取向时间取向4) = Activity orientation 行为取向行为取向5) = Social orientation 人际取向人际取向1) HumanNatureBasically EvilMixture of Good and EvilBasically Good2) Relationship of Man to NatureNat
12、ure controls humansMan in Harmony With NatureMan the Master of Nature3) Sense of TimePast-orientedPresent-orientedFuture-oriented4) Human ActivityBEING (stress on who you are)Growing (stress on self-development)Doing (stress on what you are doing)5) Social RelationshipHierarchy 等级等级Group-orientedInd
13、ividualorientationChinese valuesWestern values1) HumanNatureBasically goodMixture of Good and Evil2) Relationship of Man to NatureHarmony with natureHumans control Nature3) Sense of TimePast orientationFuture orientation4) Human ActivityBEING (who you are)Doing (what you are doing)5) Social Relation
14、shipHierarchy individualLimitations of Kluckhohns model Not everyone in a culture has the same basic values. Cultures change over time. The concept of basic values is itself a generalizationCase study During the American Civil War, a very hungry young man fell down in front of a farm gate. The farme
15、r gave him food but in return he asked the young man to move a pile of wood in his yard in fact it was not at all necessary to move the wood. When the young man left, the farmer moved the wood back to its original place. Seeing all this, the farmers son was confused.Why did the farmer do that?What v
16、alues are reflected in this story?Save face and dignity of the young man accept - earn Individualistic value systemWriting assignment When you compare your values to those of your parents or grandparents, do you see that Chinese values are changing? Give evidence. (10 mins)2. Model by G. Hofstede (1
17、984) Hofstedes work was one of the earliest attempts to use extensive statistical data to examine cultural values. During the 1980s, he surveyed over a hundred thousand workers in multinational organizations in forty countries. Each country was assigned a rank of one through forty in each category,
18、depending on how it compared to the other country.Hofstedes Four Cultural Value System individualism-collectivism Uncertainty avoidance power distance masculinity-femininity2.1 Individualism vs. Collectivism Individualistic cultures Individualistic cultures “I” consciousness independence, competitio
19、n, negative face need Collectivist culturesCollectivist cultures “We” consciousness, interdependence, group harmony, positive face need Strong influence on social relationshipsStrong influence on social relationships The concept of ingroups and outgroups Rules Vs relationshipsRules Vs relationships,
20、 strangers Vs strangers Vs associatesassociates All people and cultures have both individual All people and cultures have both individual and collective dispositionsand collective dispositions.Ranking of Individualism Country or RegionRankingCountry or RegionRankingU.S.A1Taiwan, China 36Australia2Pe
21、ru37Great Britain3Pakistan38Canada4Colombia39Netherlands5Venezuela40 Case study: At the negotiating table, differences in this dimension can clearly cause serious conflict. Americans too often expect their Japanese counterparts to make decisions right at the negotiating table, and the Japanese are c
22、onstantly surprised to find individual members of the American team promoting their own positions, decisions, and ideas, sometimes openly contradicting one another.Americaindividualism Japancollectivism 2.2 Uncertainty Avoidance It involves the extend to which a culture would avoid or tolerate uncer
23、tainty. High uncertainty avoidance cultures think of the uncertainty inherent in life as a continuous hazard that must be avoided. They try to avoid uncertainty and ambiguity by providing stability for their members, establishing more formal rules. (a higher level of anxiety and stress) Low uncertai
24、nty avoidance cultures more easily accept the uncertainty inherent in life and are not as threatened by deviant people and ideas, so they tolerate the unusual. They prize initiative and more willing to take risks, more flexible. (less tense, more relaxed) 不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可不确定性规避的核心就是认为未来不可知。虽然可能每个人都
25、在预测未来，但是没知。虽然可能每个人都在预测未来，但是没有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、有人能够丝毫无误地预知下一刻、下一天、下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。美霍夫斯下一年或下十年会发生什么事情。美霍夫斯泰德用不确定性规避一词来泰德用不确定性规避一词来“界定一种程度，界定一种程度，一种当人们遇到混乱不清、难以预测的情况一种当人们遇到混乱不清、难以预测的情况时所感到的不安程度。通过对严格的行为方时所感到的不安程度。通过对严格的行为方式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰，他们尽力避式的遵循和对绝对真理的信仰，他们尽力避免这些情况。免这些情况。”不确定性规避高度不确定性规避文化为了避免不确定性和模高度不确
26、定性规避文化为了避免不确定性和模糊性，常常向其成员提供稳定性，制定正式的规糊性，常常向其成员提供稳定性，制定正式的规则，不容忍偏离观点和行为，寻求共识，并相信则，不容忍偏离观点和行为，寻求共识，并相信绝对的真理。他们感到的焦虑和压力较高：人们绝对的真理。他们感到的焦虑和压力较高：人们认为生活中的不确定性会持久为患，因此必须避认为生活中的不确定性会持久为患，因此必须避免。为了增强生活的有序性，他们非常需要成文免。为了增强生活的有序性，他们非常需要成文的规则、计划、规范、典礼和仪式。具有强烈不的规则、计划、规范、典礼和仪式。具有强烈不确定性规避倾向的国家有葡萄牙、希腊、秘鲁、确定性规避倾向的国家有
27、葡萄牙、希腊、秘鲁、比利时和日本比利时和日本高度不确定性规避 相反，人们发现像瑞典、丹麦、爱尔兰、挪相反，人们发现像瑞典、丹麦、爱尔兰、挪威、美国、芬兰和荷兰等国家，比较容易接受生威、美国、芬兰和荷兰等国家，比较容易接受生活中的不确定性，不为偏离的人或主张所困扰，活中的不确定性，不为偏离的人或主张所困扰，因此他们对不寻常性的容忍度比较强。他们喜欢因此他们对不寻常性的容忍度比较强。他们喜欢上进，不喜欢等级关系。他们乐于冒险，灵活性上进，不喜欢等级关系。他们乐于冒险，灵活性强，认为规则越少越好，他们对专家的依赖性不强，认为规则越少越好，他们对专家的依赖性不强，而更多地相信自己。整体而言，低度不确定
28、强，而更多地相信自己。整体而言，低度不确定性规避文化心态较为放松。性规避文化心态较为放松。低度不确定性规避Ranking of Uncertainty AvoidanceCountry or RegionRankingCountry or RegionRankingGreece1Ireland36Portugal2Hong Kong37Belgium3Sweden38Japan4Denmark39Yugoslavia5Singapore40*A low score means the country can be classified as one that does not like unc
29、ertainty.The lower score, the higher uncertainty avoidance.2.3 Power Distance High PD Culture:People who hold power and people who are affected bPeople who hold power and people who are affected by power are significantlpower are significantly far apart far apartVerticalVertical, hierarchical (ever
30、hierarchical (everybodbody has a rightful place) has a rightful place)E E.g g. India India, Bra Brazilil, Singapore Singapore, Greece Greece, Vene Venezuelauela, Mexico Mexico, etcetc.Low PD Culture:The power holders and people affected by the power holders are significantly closerHorizontal (inequa
31、lity in society should be minimized)E.g. Austria, Finland, Denmark, Norway, New Zealand, etc. 2.4 Masculinity vs. Femininity Cultures high in the masculinitCultures high in the masculinity dimensiondimension focus on focus on achievementachievement, power power, and possessionsand possessions, regar
32、ding work as more regarding work as more central to onecentral to ones lifes life, differing gender differing gender roles moreroles more than feminine culture than feminine culture. (performance societ(performance society) ) Cultures high in the femininitCultures high in the femininity dimensiondim
33、ension value value interpersonal interpersonal relationshipsrelationships, nurturance nurturance, compassion compassion, and qualitand quality of life of life. (welfare societ(welfare society) )Ranking of MasculinityCountry or RegionRankingCountry or RegionRankingJapan1Yugoslavia36Austria2Denmark37V
34、enezuela3Netherlands38Italy4Norway39Switzerland5Sweden40*A low score means the country can be classified as one that favors Masculinity.Limitations of Hofstedes model Because the people Hofstede surveyed were middle managers in large multinational organizations, most of his findings are work related
35、. Many important countries and cultures were not included in his study. ( no Arab countries, South Africa representing Africa, no information about mainland China) He emphasizes national culture, so it is not possible to know the layers of culture within nations. 3. Edward T. Halls Model Human commu
36、nication is dependent on the context in which it occurs. Communicative contexts include the physical, sociological, and psychological environments. High- and Low-context cultures High-context Culture: In high-context messages, meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided th
37、rough gestures, the use of space, and even silence. Meaning is also conveyed through status (age, sex, education, family background, title, and affiliation). Examples of high-context cultures include , etc.Low-context Culture: In low-context messages, the majority of the information is vested in the
38、 explicit code. Examples of low-context cultures include , etc.例子：例子： 一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日本人到一个德国人，一个美国人，一个日本人到同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果由于同一家餐厅，都点了一个汉堡，结果由于厨师的疏忽把三个汉堡中的肉都烤糊了，厨师的疏忽把三个汉堡中的肉都烤糊了，问，三个人会对此说什么？问，三个人会对此说什么？德国人会直接批判这个糊了的肉，德国人会直接批判这个糊了的肉，批评这个厨师批评这个厨师美国人会说，虽然肉的口味不太好，美国人会说，虽然肉的口味不太好，但是面包，沙拉，香葱的味道还不错但是面包，沙拉，
39、香葱的味道还不错日本人会说，面包，沙拉，香葱的味道不错。日本人会说，面包，沙拉，香葱的味道不错。是啊，至于肉，你自己揣测去吧。是啊，至于肉，你自己揣测去吧。这就是高语境！这就是高语境！ High-Context CulturesJapaneseChineseKoreanAfrican AmericanNative AmericanArabGreekLatinItalianEnglishFrenchAmericanScandinavianGermanGerman-Swiss Low-Context CulturesHow high-context and low-context affect i
40、ntercultural communication Lack of enough data, people from low-context cultures often feel uncomfortable with the vagueness and ambiguity and will ask very blunt, unappropriate questions, which will make high-context culture members become impatient and irritated. People in high-context cultures perceive low-context people less credible. Conflicts are differently perceived and responded to. high-context: discreetly and subtly Low-context: directly spell it out结束结束