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1、CHAPTER 1Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The FutureChallenge? Societies around the globe have been interwoven into a complex fabric of interdependent economic, technological, political, and social relationships. This is c
2、alled Globalization. Globalization has greatly increased the economic strength of many nations and bring people together from different cultures. However, it could resulting more competition for natural resources, international conflicts and security, environmental issues, and world health issues. C
3、HAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The FutureOther challenges: Due to the worlds increasing population, we will see. more people are moving to developed countries (shifting populations). This could bring more communication issues in multicultural societies. Meanwhile, aging popul
4、ation in more developed countries Could bring more communication issues between older generations and younger generations (this can be treated as co-culture). No Direct Mind-to-Mind Contact We can only Infer We seek to define the world Communication is self-Reflective The Brain is an open system - w
5、e learn to communicate Communication has a consequence CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Defining Communication: its a dynamic process in which people attempts to share their internal states with other people through the use of symbols. Principles of Communication: I
6、t is a dynamic processb) It is symbolic It is contextual (situations)d) it is self-reflective we learn to communicatef) it has a consequence Functions of Communication: Gather information about other people Fulfill interpersonal needs Establishes personal identities Influence others Dominant Culture
7、 Its the one in power - control. Control the major institutions within the culture such as: church, gov., education, military, mass media, monetary systems, etc.Co-Cultures They are numerous. Distinct and unique patterns of communication that they have learned. Can be based on race, ethnic backgroun
8、d, age, sex, or other factors.CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future We learn our culture through proverbs Offer an important set of instructions CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Culture is Transmitted from generation to generation Learne
9、d Shared Based on symbols Dynamic An intergrated system We learn our culture from folk tales, legends, and myths.The Epic of GilgameshWencheng(Sumerian) We learn our culture through art Art is a symbolic way of communicating (pics taken from The Corning Museum of Glass) We learned our culture throug
10、h mass media Culture is transmitted from generation to generation Culture is based on symbols Culture is subjected to change Culture is integrated Culture is Ethnocentric Culture is adaptive CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future Defining Culture: its a set of human-made
11、objectives and subjective elements that increased the probability of survival satisfaction for the participants in an ecological niche share with those who could communicate with each other and lived in the same time and place. Subjective elements include: values, beliefs, attitudes, orientations, a
12、nd underlying assumptions prevalent among people in the society. Basic functions of Culture: adapt to a particular ecology, and includes the knowledge that people need to have in order to function in their own social environment. Elements include: History, Regligion, Values, Social organizations, an
13、d Language. CHAPTER 1 - Communication and Culture: The Challenge of The Future In order to study cross-cultural communication, we must pay attention to the following: Each individual are unique. Stereotyping. Objectivity. Communication is not a Cure-all.CHAPTER 2 The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots
14、 of Reality CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The deep structure of culture is the unconscious assumptions about how the world operates. It makes each culture unique, and explains how and why of a cultures collective action. At the core of any cultures deep structure are it
15、s social organizations (or social institutions).Lessons about life and ways for living that lifeIts based on cooperation Three most enduring and influential social organizations that deal with deep structure issues areFamilyState (Community)Religion (Worldview) CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Cult
16、ure: Roots of Reality Why do most serious confrontations and misunderstandings can be traced to cultural differences?Different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual group and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husband and wif
17、e, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy. - p.51 CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The Deep Structure of Culture contains the following:A cultures most important beliefsHistory (or
18、igin)Involves deep and emotional feelingsSupply much of a persons identity CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality The Importance of Family: The family is the principal transmitter of knowledge, values, attitudes, roles, and habits from one generation to the next. Through word an
19、d example, the family shapes a childs personality and instills modes of thoughts and ways of acting that become habitual - p.55 CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Traditionally, most people encounter two families during the course of their life: the family they are born into
20、 and the family that is formed when and if they take a name. But there are fewer typical American families in the U.S. than ever before. Most of these changes were brought about by the following:Economic changesTechnological innovationsDemographicsGender roles and opportunities for women(Examples: S
21、ingle parent, never married couples, adopted child etc.)Can you think of any similar changes in China? CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Globalization has major impact on traditional family structure all through the world. The two characteristics of globalization that have
22、been the most responsible for those changes are (1) mass media and (2) migration. Mass MediaFamily values exposed to different set of valuesExample: materials & money vs. spirituality & principles MigrationMillions of workers leave their families and move from one place to another place to seek jobs
23、 or higher wages. CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality Families perform a series of key functions in all cultures. These functions include teaching members of the culture about economics, socialization, values and religion, individualism and collectivism, and social skills. CH
24、APTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of Reality History is the witness that testifies to the passing of time; illumines reality, vitalizes memory, provides guidance in daily life, and brings us tidings of antiquity. A cultures history affects individual perception and behavior and how peop
25、le relate to another culture. Two assumptions: Historical events help explain the character of a culture.What a culture seeks to remember and pass onto the next generation tells us about the character of that culture. CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of RealityHistory of United State
26、s: Those who originally arrived on the Atlantic coast brought many English values, system of law, and the basic organization of commerce during 16th century. “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” liberties had to be secured against abusive power of government (independent from Britain) Enviro
27、nmental factors brought psychological effects on the settlers: survival based on individualism CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of RealityHistory of Russia: The history of Russians have been subjected to invasion and suffering. (Mongols, Germans, Turks, Poles, Swedes, French, and Eng
28、lish) therefore , militarized absolutism. Molded by the type of leadership that has control the country for thousand of years follow orders and accept “words” (dictums) of their leaders. A deep appreciation and devotion to the performing arts and cultural arts. The size of land have created the peop
29、le to think (muse) about life. CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of RealityHistory of China: “Consider the past then youll know the present” the importance of history. History links all members of the culture. Chinas long history of physical and cultural isolation. may partly attribut
30、ed their intense national pride. They were the source of the culture of most of neighbors. Considered others were inferior. View family value as priority and civilization has been built on agriculture - Collectivism CHAPTER 2 - The Deep Structure of Culture: Roots of RealityHistory of Japan: Based o
31、n series of islands, Japan is yet another isolated country strong sense of self-identity, acutely aware of anything that comes from outside. 250 years of feudal period loyalty for the feudal lords in the past (now companies); discipline and sacrifice; lack of individualism. Collectivism cooperative
32、efforts, group identification and group action.CHAPTER 3 Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity How identity influences and guides expectations about your own and others social roles, and provides guidelines for your communication inte
33、raction with others. Factors include: political views, religious beliefs, lifestyle choices, ethnic similarity, economic interest, etc. Some selected social identities in chapter: Racial Identity Ethnic Identity Gender Identity National Identity Regional Identity Organizational Identity Personal Ide
34、ntity Cyber and Fantasy Identity CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The initial exposure to our identity came from our family - where we began to learn culturally appropriate beliefs, values, and social roles. Later, education and mass media can play a considerable role in our
35、 identity development.lThree-stage identity development models (Phinney)lUnexamined ethnic identity - ethnic identity search - ethnic achievementlFour-stage identity development models (Martin and Nakayama)lModel for minority: Unexamined identity - conformity - resistance and separatism - integratio
36、nlModel for majority: Unexamined identity - acceptance - resistance - redefinition and reintegration CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Stereotyping - a means of organizing your images into f
37、ixed and simple categories that you use to represent an entire collection of people.can be positive or negativenarrow our perceptions (oversimplified, exaggerated, and overgeneralized)stereotypes are learned (again, begins with our early education)may evolve out of fear of persons from groups that d
38、iffer from ones own How to avoid stereotypes?aware of your tendency to engage in categorizationopen to new information and evidencebeing aware of your zone of discomfort CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Prejudice (part 1) - they are deeply held ne
39、gative feelings associated with a particular group. These sentiments often include anger, fear, aversion, and anxiety.directed at a social group and its membersinvolve with evaluative dimension (right/wrong, moral/immoral)possess centrality (strong belief) Functionsego-defensive: hold prejudice with
40、out having to admit.utilitarian: receiving rewards by holding on to their prejudicial beliefs.value-expressive: when they believe their attitudes are expressing the highest and most moral values of the culture.knowledge: able to categorize, organize, and construct their perceptions of other people i
41、n a manner that makes sense to them. CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Prejudice (part 2) Five expressions of prejudice:antilocution; avoidance; discrimination; physical attacks; extermination Causes:Societal sources - major organizations and insti
42、tutions produce laws, regulations, and norms that create prejudice within a society.Maintaining social identity - the connection between our identity and culture can be personal and emotional. Anything that threatens that bond can become the target of prejudice.Scapegoating - minority group gets the
43、 blame. How to avoid prejudice?Personal contact & education CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Racism - is an extension of stereotyping and prejudice - the belief in the inherent superiority of a particular race. can be categorized as either persona
44、l or institutional. institutional can refer to schools, corporations, hospitals, or criminal justice system. may be intentional or unintentional some can be easily to detect, while others are almost impossible. How to avoid racism?Try to be honest to yourselfObject to racist jokes and insults whenev
45、er you hear themRespect freedomExamine the historical roots of racism CHAPTER 3 - Culture and the Individual: Cultural Identity The Dark Side of Identity - Ethnocentrism - is the notion that ones own culture is superior to any other. links ethnocentrism to the concepts of stereotyping, prejudice, an
46、d racism. can be viewed as three levels: positive, negative, and extremely negative. most people are ethnocentric contributes to cultural identity Why there can be serious consequences if you engage in negative ethnocentrism?The more ethnocentric you are, the more anxious you are; when we are fearfu
47、l, we are less likely to expect a positive outcome and less willing to trust someone from another culture. How to avoid ethnocentrism?Avoid dogmatismCHAPTER 4 Shaping Interpretations of Reality: Cultural Values CHAPTER 4 - Shaping Interpretation of Reality: Cultural Values Perception is the process
48、of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of the world. CHAPTER 4 - Shaping Interpretation of Reality: Cultural Values Perception is selective. A part of perception is determined by culture. Perceptual patterns are learned.Beliefs A storage system
49、. Shaped by individuals culture. Accepted as truths. Usually reflected in your actions and communication behavior.Values Beliefs from the basis of our values. Represents what is expected or hoped for, required or forbidden. Can be classified as primary, secondary, and tertiary. Beliefs Value Attitud
50、e Behavior (p.139, Remember this) CHAPTER 4 - Shaping Interpretation of Reality: Cultural Values Cultural patterns = Perceptions + Perceptual patterns (p.140 Remember this) Cultural patterns are complex, integrated, dynamic, and can be contradictory. Hofestedes 5 Value Dimensions Individualism vs. C