2022年初中英语语法汇总 .pdf

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1、2018 初中英语语法汇总七年级上册一、名词1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:(1)一般情况下,在词尾加s. e.g. bookbooks,dogdogs,penpens,boyboys 辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为 s,以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s 读音为 z。(2)以 s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es. e.g. beach beaches ,brushbrushes ,busbuses ,boxboxes(es读音为 iz(3)以“ 辅音字母 y” 结尾的名词,先变y 为 i,再加 es. e.g. citycities,family

2、families,documentarydocumentaries ,countrycountries,strawberrystrawberries (ies读音为 iz )(注:以 “ 元音字母 +y” 结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s. e.g. boys ,holidays,days)(4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:有生命的,加 es. tomato tomatoes ,potatopotatoes 结尾是两个元音字母的加s,e.g. zoo zoos,radioradios 无生命的,加 s,e.g. piano pianos ,photo photos zero变复数时,既

3、可加 s,也可加e.g. zeros zeroes (5)以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词变复数时,先把f 或 fe 变为 v,再加 es. e.g. wifewives,leaf leaves ,halfhalves,knifeknives,thief thieves (ves读音为vz (注意: roof 的复数为 roofs; scarf的复数为 scarfs scarves )(6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或 es,而是变换其中的字母。e.g. man men,womanwomen,policemanpolicemen,EnglishmanEnglishmen,Frenchm

4、an Frenchmen , footfeet, toothteeth, childchildren,mouse mice,oxoxen(公牛)(7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。e.g. Chinese ,Japanese ,sheep ,deer,fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。e.g. people ,police,trousers ,pants ,clothes,scissors 另外,当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。e.g. an apple tree ,five apple trees ,a girl friend,two gir

5、l friends,a twin sister 但是,当 man和 woman 作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。e.g. two men teachers ,three women doctors 可用 “ 量词+of+名词复数 ” 这一结构表示可数名词的数量。e.g. a room of students ,two boxes of pencils 2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“ 量” 的表示方式如下。(1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot oflots of,some,any等词修饰。e.g. much money ,a little bread

6、 (2)表确定数量时,一般用“ 数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如: twothree+ 量词复数十 of+不可数名词。e.g. a bag of rice ,two glasses of milk,four bottles of water 3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。e.g. fruit 水果fruits 表示不同种类的水果; food 食物foods各种食品; fish 鱼fishes鱼的种类;drink 饮料、酒 a drink 一杯一份饮料、一杯酒;cloth 布a cloth桌布、抹布;sand沙sands沙滩; tea茶a tea一杯茶; chick

7、en鸡肉a chicken小鸡; orange橘汁an orange橘子; glass玻璃a glass玻璃杯, glasses眼镜; paper纸a paper试卷、论文; wood 木头a wood小森林; room 空间、余地 a room房间精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页,共 34 页本册已经学过的不可数名词有:broccoli ?br?k?li 西兰花 , food, dessert d? z?:t 甜点, orange, fruit, soccer, tennis, breakfast, lunch, dinne

8、r, help, opera, work, homework, time ,ice-cream, salad, chicken( 既可作可数名词,又可作不可数名词) (三)名词的所有格:名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)(1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。不是以 s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加s. e.g. Mike s watch;Women s Day以 s 结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加 。e.g. teachers office,students rooms两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加s.e.g. Tom and M

9、ikes room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加s.e.g. Marys and Jennys bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)(2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of 结构e.g. a map of China ,the beginning of this game ,the door of the room (3)特殊形式可用 s和 of 短语表示的名词所有格e.g. the boys name=the name of the boy(男孩的名字)the dog s legs=the legs o

10、f the dog(狗的腿)Chinas population=the population of China(中国的人口)Chinas capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)双重所有格e.g. a fiend of my mothers我妈妈的一个朋友a picture of Toms汤姆的一张图片二、动词(一) Be 动词( am, is, are)的用法口诀:I 用 am , you 用 are ,is 连着他(he)她(she )它(it) 。单数统统用 is,复数一律都用 are. 变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃,变否定,更容易,be 后 not 莫忘

11、记,疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑。注意: be 动词通常会和其他词连写在一起,如:I m , what s ,names, they re等例如: -What is your name?= - What s your name? -My name is Cindy. = -My name s Cindy.-Are you a student? = -Are you a student? -Yes, I am a student. = Yes, Im a student.-What are they? = -What are they? -They are apples . =Theyre a

12、pples.What is this? =Whats this?(二)动词第三人称单数的构成规则:a.一般情况下在动词词尾加s 如: get-gets, like-likes playplays, wantwants,workworks, knowknows, helphelps b. 以字母 s、x、ch 或 o 结尾的动词加 -es;如: guess guesses , fixfixes, teachteaches ,brushbrushes , gogoes ,dodoes ,watchwatches ,catchcatches c. 以辅音字母 y 结尾的动词,先变y 为 i,再加-e

13、s。如:studystudies,carrycarries,flyflies,worryworries 特殊词:have-has 三、代词(一)人称代词及物主代词人称第一人称单数第二人称单数第三人称单数第一人称复数第二人称复数第三人称复数主格I you he she it we you they 我你他她它我们你们他(她、它)们宾格me you him her it us you them 我你他她它我们你们他(她、它)们形容词my your his her its our your their 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2

14、页,共 34 页性物主代 词名词性物主代词mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的1.通常情况下,人称代词的主格在句子中作主语。2.通常情况下,人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语。3.形容词性的物主代词属于限定词,后面要跟它所限定的名词。4.通常情况下,人称代词主格会与跟在它后面的be 动词缩写。如: I am=I m you are=you rehe is=he s she is=she s it is =its we are=were they are=theyre(二) 指示代词 this ,

15、that, these, those. These 是 this 的复数形式,指时间、距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事。Those 是 that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或者前面已经提到的人或事。例如: This is my room. That is Lucys room. These are his brothers. Those are his books. 四、数词(一)基数词在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。1.基数词的构成(1)1-20 one,two,three ,four,five,six,seven ,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,

16、fourteen,fifteen,sixteen ,seventeen ,eighteen,nineteen ,twenty (2)21-99 先说“ 几十” ,再说 “ 几” ,中间加连字符。23twenty-three, 34thirty-four, 45forty five, 56fifty -six, 67sixty-seven , 78seventy -eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one (3)101999先说“ 几百” ,再加 and,再加末两位数或末位数;586five hundred and eighty -six, 803eight hundre

17、d and three(4)l,000 以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“ ,” ,第一个 “ ,” 前为 thousand. 第二个 “ ,” 前为 million ,第三个 “ ,” 前为 billion (美式)或 thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。1,001 one thousand and one9,785 nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five 18,423 eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three 6,260,309 six million tw

18、o hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式)seven hundred and fifty thousand million (英式)(二)序数词在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。1.序数词的构成(1)一般在基数词后加th e.g. four fourth,thirteen thirteenth(2) 不规则变化one first, two second , three third , five fifth , eight eigh

19、th , nine ninth ,twelvetwelfth (3)以 y 结尾的十位整数,变y 为 ie 再加 th twenty twentieth , forty for tieth,ninety ninetieth(4)从二十一后的 “ 几十几 ” 直至“ 几百几十几 ” 或“ 几千几百几十几 ” 只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth 2.序数词的用法精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页,共 34 页(1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。

20、e.g. Tom is their second son. He is the first one to come here. (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上“ 又” ,“ 再一 ”e.g. He tried a second time. 他又试了 次。Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他 次吗?(我已问了他两次)(3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。1st 2nd ,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd (4)表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。2005年 8 月 15 日:(英)15,8,200

21、5=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005 (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。No.1(1 号),No.3 bus(3 路公共汽车), Room 103,(103号旁间),The second lesson=Lesson Two (第二课)(四)分数词的表达分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1 时,分母加 s 13-one third; 25-two fifths (五)数学运算的表达eg.3+5=8 Three plus pl?s加and five is eight. 9-2=7 Nine minus?ma? n?s减 two

22、is seven. 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty 8 2=4 Eight divided by two is four. 五、介词1. 常用介词及其比较:表示地理位置的介词:(1)at ,in, on, to at (1)表示在小地方 ; (2)表示“ 在附近,旁边 ” in (1)表示 在大地方 ; (2)表示“ 在范围之内” 。on 表示毗邻,接壤to 表示在 范围外,不强调是否接壤E.g.: He arrived at the station at ten. He is sitting at the desk. He arrived in Shangha

23、i yesterday. Jiangsu lies in the east of China. Russia lies on the north of China. Fujian is to the south of Jiangsu Province. (2) above, over, on 在上above 指在上方,不强调是否垂直,与below 相对;over 指垂直的上方 ,与 under相对,但 over 与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。on 表示某物体上面并与之接触。e.g. The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge ove

24、r the river. He put his watch on the desk. (3)below, under 在 下面under表示在 正下方below 表示在 下,不一定在正下方e.g. There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 表示时间的介词:(1) in , on,at 在时in 表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节 、月及 一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。e.g. in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, i

25、n January, in the morning, in the night, in one s life , in one s thirties等。on表示具体某一天及某一天的早、中、晚。e.g. on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year s Day, on a cold night , on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。at 表示某一时刻 或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。e.g. at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end o

26、f , at the age of , at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。注意:在 last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day. (2)in, after 在之后“in + 段时间 ” 表示将来的一段时间以后;“after+ 段时间 ” 表示过去的一段时间以后;“after+ 将来点时间 ” 表示将来的某一时刻以后。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页,共 34 页e.g. My

27、 mother will come back in three or four days. He arrived after five months. She will appear after five oclock this afternoon. (3) from, since 自从from 仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时 连用。e.g. He studied the piano from the age of three. They have lived here since 1978. (4)after, behi

28、nd 在之后after主要用于表示时间;behind 主要用于表示位置。e.g. We shall leave after lunch. Lucy is hiding behind an old house. 表运动方向的介词:across, through 通过,穿过across表示横过 ,即从物体表面通过,与on 有关;through 穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in 有关。e.g. She swam across the river. He walked through the forest. 表示 “ 在之间” 的介词:between, among between指在两个人或两个事物之间

29、;among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。表示其他意义的介词:(1)on ,about 关于on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。e.g. There will be a lecture?lekt? (r) 演讲 on economics?i:k? n?m? ks经济学 this afternoon. He is writing a book on cooking. He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation. (2)by, with, i

30、n 表示方法、手段、工具by 以方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;with 表示用 工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;in 表示用 方式,用 语言(语调、笔墨、颜色 )等;e.g. He makes a living by selling newspapers. He broke the window with a stone. The foreigner?f?r?n?(r) 外国人 spoke to us in English. (3)except, besides 除了except 除之外,不包括在内;besides 除 之外,包括在内。e.g. Except Mr. Wang, we we

31、nt to see the film.( 王先生没去 ) Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.( 王先生也去了 ) 六、句型句型结构1. 肯定句:主语+be(am, is, are)+主语 +can+动词原形 + 主语 +行为动词原形(或行为动词单三形式) +其他 2. 否定句:主语+be(am, is, are)+not+主语 +cant(can not) + 动词原形 +主语 +dont(doesn t)+动词原形 +3. 一般疑问句a. Be(Am/Is/Are)+ 主语 +?Yes,主语 +be No,主语 +be not. b

32、. Can+主语 +动词原形 + ?Yes,主语 +can. No,主语 +cant.c. Do/Does+ 主语 +动词原形 +?Yes,主语 +do/does. No,主语 +dont/doesn t.4.特殊疑问句a.疑问词 +be+主语 +?主语 +be+b.疑问词 +can+主语 +动词原形 + ?主语 +can+动词原形 +c.疑问词 +do/does+主语 +动词原形 +?主语 +动词原形(动词三单形式)+其他 d.疑问词:who/how/how old/how much/where/ when/why/what/which/ what kind of/ what time/wh

33、at color/what subject 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页,共 34 页5.There be 句型There be 表示的概念是“ 有” ,是一种存在的关系,即“ 某地有某物 ” 。There 是引导词, be是谓语动词(am, is , are),后面就是名词,也就是句子的主语。There is +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。There are +名词复数 +地点。There be 句型的肯定式:There is + 可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。There are +名词复数 +地点。否定式:T

34、here is + not + 可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点。There are + not + 名词复数 +地点。一般疑问句形式:Is there +可数名词的单数或不可数名词+地点 +? Are there + 名词复数 +地点 +? 2017 初中英语语法汇总七年级下册Unit 1 Can you play the guitar?1, 情态动词 +V 原can do= be able to do 2, play+ the+ 乐器play +球类,棋类3, join 参加社团、组织、团体4, want= would like +(sb)to do sth 5, 4 个说的区别: say

35、+内容speak+ 语言talk 谈论: talk about sth talk with sb talk to sb tell 告诉,讲述: tell sb (not)to do sth tell stories/ jokes 6, 4 个也的区别: too 肯定句末(前面加逗号)either 否定句末(前面加逗号)also 行前 be 后as well 口语中(前面不加逗号)7, be good at+ V-ing=do well in 擅长于be good for 对有益(be bad for对有害)be good to 对友好( good 可用 friendly,nice,kind 替

36、换)be good with 和相处好 =get on/ along well with 8, 特殊疑问句的构成: 疑问词 +一般疑问句9, How/ what about+V-ing 怎么样?(表建议)10,感官动词( look, sound, taste, smell, feel )+adj/ like 11,选择疑问句:回答不能直接用Yes或者 No,要从中选择一个回答12,students wanted for school show 招募学生参加学校演出 (wanted表示招募,含有被动意义)13,show sth to sb=show sb sth give sth to sb=g

37、ive sb sth 14,help sb(to)do sth ; help sb with sth ; with sbs help= with the help of sb ; help oneself to 随便享用15,be busy doing sth / be busy with sth 16,need to do sth 17,be free= have time 18, have friends= make friends 19, call sb at +电话号码20, on the weekend= on weekends 21,English-speaking student

38、s 说英语的学生(带有连词符,有形容词性质)Unit 2 What time do you go to school ?1,问时间用 what time 或者 when At+钟点at 7 oclock at noon/ at night (during/ in the day)On+ 具体某天、星期、特指的一天on April 1ston Sunday on a cold winter morning In +年、月、上午、下午、晚上2,时间读法:顺读法逆读法:分钟 30 用 past five past eight(8:05) half past eight(8:30)分钟 30 用 to

39、 a quarter to ten (9:45)整点用 oclock 7 o clock(7:00)3,3 个穿的区别: wear 表状态,接服装、手套、眼镜、香水等put on 表动作,接服装dress 表动作,接 sb/ oneself get dressed穿衣4, 感叹句: How+adj+主谓!How+adj+a/an +n 单+主谓!What+ a/an +adj+ n单+主谓!What+ adj+ n 复/ 不可数 +主谓!5, from to 6, be/ arrive late for 7, eitheror 8, a lot of=lots of精选学习资料 - - - -

40、 - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页,共 34 页9, 频度副词(行前 be 后)always usually often sometimes seldom hardly never 10,一段时间前面要用介词for for half an hour for five minutes 11, eat/ have for breakfast/ lunch/ dinner/ supper12,it is +adj+for sb +to do sth (adj 修饰 to do sth)It is important for me to learn English

41、. it is +adj+of sb +to do sth (adj 修饰 sb)It is kind/ friendly/ nice of you to help me. Unit 3 How do you get to school ?1,疑问词How 如何(方式)how long 多长(时间)答语常用 “ (For/ about +)时间段 ”how far 多远(距离)答语常用 “ (It s +)数词 +miles/ meters/ kilometers”how often 多久一次(频率) 答语常用 “Always/ often/ every day/”或 “ 次数+时间” 等表频

42、率的状语How soon 多快,多久以后,常用在将来时中。答语常用“in + 时间段 ”how many 多少(接可数名词)how much(接不可数名词)why 为什么(原因)what 什么when 何时who 谁whom 谁(宾格)(针对宾语提问也可用who)whose谁的2,宾语从句要用陈述句语序3,Stop sb from doing sth Stop to do 停下来去做其他事Stop doing 停止正在做的事4,what do you think of/ about?= how do you like?你认为 怎么样?5,He is 11 years old. He is an

43、 11-year-old boy. 6,many students= many of the students 7,be afraid of sth be afraid to do sth worry about be worried about 担心8,play with sb 9, come true 10, have to do sth 11, he is like a father to me (like 像)12,leave离开leave for 出发前往某地13,cross 是动词across是介词14,thanks for +n/ V-ing Thanks for your he

44、lp/ thanks for helping me. Thanks for your invitation/ thanks for inviting/ asking me. Thanks to 幸亏,由于,因为15,4 个花费:人+spend/ spends/ spent+ 时间/钱+ (in) doing sth/ on sth 人+pay/ pays/ paid +钱+for sth It takes/ took sb +时间+to do sth 物+cost/ costs/ cost +sb + 钱16,交通方式 用介词。在句子中做方式状语。by +交通工具名词(中间无需任何修饰)By

45、bus/ bike/ car/ taxi/ ship/ boat/ plane/ subway/ trainby +交通路线的位置By land/ water/ sea/ air in/ on +冠词/物主代词 /指示代词+交通工具名词In a/ his/ the car On a/ his/ the bus/ bike/ship/ train/ horse/ motorbike on foot 步行 用动词。在句子中做谓语。take + a/ the +交通工具名词take a bus/ plane/ ship/ train ride a bike walk/ drive/ ride/ fl

46、y to(后面接 here,there,home等地点副词时,省略介词to。 )如步行回家: walk home 17,名词所有格一般情况加 s Tom s pen以 s结尾加 the teachers office ten days holiday表示几个人共同拥有,在最后一个名词后加s Mike and John s desk表示每个人各自拥有,在每个名词后加s Mikes and John s desksUnit 4 Don t eat in class.1,祈使句 (变否定在句首 +dont)Be 型(be +表语) ,否定形式: dont + be +表语Be quiet,pleas

47、e. Dont be late !Do 型(实义动词 +其他) ,否定形式: dont + 实义动词 +其他精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页,共 34 页Come here ,please. Dont play football here.Let 型(let sb do sth ) ,否定形式: dont + let sb do sth或者 let sb not do sth No+n/ V-ing No photos /mobile;No parking/ smoking/ spitting/ talking/ pickin

48、g of flowers 2, in class在课堂上in the classroom 在教室3,be on time准时4,listen to music 5, (have a )fight with sb 6, eat outside 7, Some of 8, bringto 9, Must 与 have to (1) must 表示说话人主观上的看法,意为“ 必须” 。 have to 表示客观的需要或责任,意为“ 不得不,必须 ” ,后接动词原词。(2) must 没有人称,时态和数的变化Have to 有人称,数,时态的变化,其第三人称单数形式为 has to ,过去式为 had

49、 to. 构成否定句或疑问句时借助动词do/ does 。(3) have to的否定式是 neednt=dont /doesnt have to (不必要);must 的否定式是 must not/ mustnt(一定不能,不允许)。10,practice (doing)sth 11,wash/ do the dishes 12,on school days/ nights 13,break/ follow(obey)the rules 14,Be strict with sb/ oneself be strict in sth对严格。15,too many “太多” 修饰可数名词复数too

50、 much “太多” 修饰不可数名词much too “实在太 ” 修饰形容词或副词16,make ones/ the bed17,get to, arrive in/at, reach, 到达(如果后面接地点的副词home,here或 there ,就不用介词 in ,at, to)18,remember/ forget+to do要做remember/ forget +doing做过19,have fun,enjoy oneself,have a good/ great/ wonderful time+V-ing Unit 5 Why do you like pandas ?1, 回答 w

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