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1、Grammarsentences句子成份句子成份 句子一般由两个部分组成：句子一般由两个部分组成：主语部分（主语部分（ subject group）谓语部分（谓语部分（ predicate group） 句子成份：句子成份：主主 谓谓 宾宾 表表补补定定 状状Members of sentence: S - subjectP - predicative O - objectAttri.-attributeAdv.- adverb Oc - object complement 主主宾宾表表补补定定状状1) 主语（主语（subject）I like football.Who knows the a
2、nswer?The boy needs a pen. The old should be respected.句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由 担任担任, ,常置于句首。常置于句首。2) 谓语（谓语（predicate）说明主语的动作或状态。由说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。常置于担任。常置于主语后。谓语的中心词有人称，数，语气，语主语后。谓语的中心词有人称，数，语气，语态和时态的变化。态和时态的变化。 The train leaves at 6 oclock.I want a ticket. Tom worked in the company for tw
3、o years.数词数词,动词不定式动词不定式,动名词动名词 或从句或从句名词名词,主格代词主格代词动词动词(一）指出下列句中主语的中心词一）指出下列句中主语的中心词 The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom. There is an old man coming here. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year. To do todays homework without the teachers help is very dif
4、ficult.Exercise 1:correction1.China is no longer what used to be.2.His son was missing in the earthquake made him very anxious.3.There was an accident happened to him.4.Those came to see me that afternoon are some friends of mine.5.Without a friend will feel lonely.6.It is important for us cooperati
5、ng with each other.7.Swim is really interesting.(二二). 选出句中谓语的中心词选出句中谓语的中心词 I dont like the picture on the wall. A. dont B. like C. picture D. wall The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus Th
6、ere will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.A.will be B. meeting C. the library D. afternoon Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast Tom didnt do his homework yesterday. A. Tom B. didnt C. do D. his homework What I want to tell you is this. A. wa
7、nt B. to tell C. you D. is We had better send for a doctor. A. We B. had C. send D. doctor He is interested in music. A. is B. interested C. in D. music Whom did you give my book to? A. give B. did C. whom D. bookExercise 2: correction1.He against your plan.2.A week past before his letter arrived.3.
8、I watched him until he was disappeared.4.The economic crisis worsening in some countries.5.The professor has come to china for five years.6.Because he was ill, he laid in bed waiting for the doctor to come.7.Pollution effects more people living in todays society.8.If he knew the answer, he will tell
9、 you. 9.Waiting outside until you are asked.3) 宾语宾语（object）He won the game. On the desk表示表示vt.的动作对象或的动作对象或prep.所联系的对象。所联系的对象。由由n.或相当于或相当于n.的词担任。置于的词担任。置于vt.或或prep.后。后。Tome lost his life in the big fire.由名词，代由名词，代词，数词，动名词，动词不定式和词，数词，动名词，动词不定式和 宾语从句充当。宾语从句充当。Please call me up at six tomorrow morning.
10、We didnt decide where to meet.I need three more. I meant to have told you about it,but I forgot to do so.We took it for granted that the would accept the proposal. She dreamt a sweet dream.（同源宾语）（同源宾语）(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English
11、. You must pay good attention to your pronunciation. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?4) 表语表语（predicative）用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。由由n.n.或或adj./adv./pron./to do/doing(adj./adv./pron./to do/doing(动名词），动名词），起形容词
12、作用的分词，从句起形容词作用的分词，从句担任。置于系动词之后。担任。置于系动词之后。He is a student.Class was over at last.My plan was to start tomorrow.His job is teaching English.Leaves turn green.He was amazed about what had happened 除了除了be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词，1)表表感官的动词感官的动词:2) 表表转变变化转变变化的动词的动词:3)表表延续延续的动词的动词feel, sme
13、ll, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。等。become, get, grow, turn, go,等等remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等等。(三三) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语 The old man was feeling very tired. Why is he worried about Jim? The leaves have turned yellow. Soon They all became interested in the subject. She was the first to learn a
14、bout it.5) 宾补（宾补（objective complement） 补充说明宾语的情况补充说明宾语的情况 。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。宾语和宾补一起构成复合宾语。由由n. /adj./adv.n. /adj./adv. / /介词词组介词词组 / /分词分词 / /不定式等担任。不定式等担任。They made him king. I consider the book too expensive. Will you please invite all of them in?（副词）（副词）After-class activities free students from the
15、heavy study.（介词词组）（介词词组）I saw astranger waving to me.They found the house broken into. With +宾语宾语+宾补（宾补（adv. /adj./to do/doing/done)高考常考的宾补通常是考：高考常考的宾补通常是考： 使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语使役动词感官动词后边跟复合宾语四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。四周都很黑，但我能看见一个人躺在地板上，被绳子捆着。句中的句中的lying on the floor 为现在分词，作宾语补足语为现在分词，作宾语补足语. 使役动词使役动词le
16、t; make; have 及感官动词及感官动词hear; see; notice; feel; watch; observe; find等后面可接动等后面可接动词原形词原形; 现在分词及过去分词，现在分词及过去分词， 考试一般考查考试一般考查宾补用宾补用do/ doing/ done的哪种形式。的哪种形式。+ 动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在动词原形强调动词与宾语之间存在主动关系及主动关系及动作的全过程动作的全过程; + 现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在现在分词强调动作与宾语之间存在主动关系主动关系, 及动作正在进行及动作正在进行;+ 过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在过去分词强调动作与宾语之间存在
17、被动关系被动关系, 及动作已经完成及动作已经完成. 如如:1. I must see my child cross the street.（cross 与宾语与宾语 my child 之间存在之间存在主动关系主动关系； 且看到了且看到了cross 的全过程）的全过程）2. I saw the thief stealing her money. ( stealing与宾语与宾语 the thief 之间存在之间存在主动关系主动关系； 且与且与 saw 同时发生同时发生。）。）3. You will see many problems settled in this way. ( settled与
18、宾语与宾语 many problems之间存在之间存在被动被动关系关系, 且发生在且发生在 see 之前）之前）1The teacher made the boy standing for a whole class as a punishment.2. They saw a young man enter the old building.3. He saw an old man knocked by a big truck yesterday. 4. We had built and let the raft sail down the river 5. But I could see a
19、 man lying on the floor, tied up with rope. 6. And we found the mens boat tied to the other side of the steamboat.找出句中的宾补：找出句中的宾补：Exercise 3: correction1.The speaker spoke louder to make himself understand.2.We all made Jason the director of English Department.3.The teacher asked us not make so much
20、 noise.4. Dont leave the water run while you brush your teeth. 5.He pushed the door opening.6.She looked around and caught a man put his hand into the pocket of a passenger.附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句
21、。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.说明说明1：当定语修饰不定代词如：当定语修饰不定代词如：nothing , anything , ever
22、ything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting . 说明说明2：不定式、短语或从句不定式、短语或从句作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是这间屋子里的男孩子们是10班的。班的。 The boys in the room are in Class Ten. (六六) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语 They use Mr., Mrs. with the family na
23、me. What is your given name? On the third lap are Class 1 and Class 3. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.7) 状语（状语（adverbial）用以修饰用以修饰adj. /v. /adv.及全句及全句,位置灵活位置灵活。通常在句子基本结构通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首；之后，强调时放在句首；修饰修饰形容词或副词形容词或副词时，通常位于被修饰的词之前；时，通常位于被修饰的词之
24、前；表示表示时间、地点、目的的状语时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首，一些表示不确定时间（如：首，一些表示不确定时间（如：often）或程度（如：）或程度（如：almost）的副词状语通常位于的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。I am very sorry.We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语（从句作时间状语) John often came to chat with me
25、John likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语 (七七) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下
26、列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was travelling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that
27、 if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.句子类型句子类型简单句并列句复合句简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The
28、 dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：句型归纳简单句共有以下五种基本句型：句型句型例句例句主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语The child seems healthy.主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词We study hard.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语
29、宾语Tom loves sports.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语直接直接宾语宾语My father bought me a bike.主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语宾语补足语补足语He painted the wall white. S( S(主语）主语）+ +V V（系动词）（系动词）+ +P(P(表语）表语） 主系表结构用以说明主系表结构用以说明主语的特征，类主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等属，状态，身份等。系动词不能表达一系动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语
30、。典型例句典型例句 (1) He is a boy. (2) You look interested in the story. (3) The weather became warmer.(4) He is not in. (5) A park lies near our school. (6) Please keep quiet. (7) The reason for my failure was that I hadnt put my heart into my studies.表语可以由名词，代词，形容词，表语可以由名词，代词，形容词，副词，介词短语和分词等充当，副词，介词短语和分词等
31、充当，特别说明特别说明常用的系动词有：常用的系动词有： 系动词系动词be。 表示表示“起来起来”的感官系动词，如的感官系动词，如sound (听起来听起来)，taste (尝起来尝起来)，smell (闻起来闻起来)，feel (摸起来摸起来)，look (看起来看起来)，seem (似乎似乎)，appear (显得显得)等。等。 表变化的系动词，如表变化的系动词，如become，get，turn，grow，come，go，fall，run等。等。 表持续的系动词，如表持续的系动词，如remain，keep，stay，lie, stand等。等。(5)(5) 其他：其他： turn out,
32、prove即时练习即时练习请用本句型翻译下列句子。请用本句型翻译下列句子。1.这台机器的情况良好。这台机器的情况良好。2.丝绸摸起来又软又滑。丝绸摸起来又软又滑。3.他突然病倒了。他突然病倒了。He has suddenly fallen ill.This machine is in good condition.Silk feels soft and smooth.4.他静静地站着。他静静地站着。5.电梯坏了。电梯坏了。6.未来几天天气将持续寒冷。未来几天天气将持续寒冷。He stood quite still.The lift is out of order/has gone wrong.
33、It will stay/remain cold (for) several days.S S（主语）（主语）（谓语）（谓语） （）（状语）（）（状语） 此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点，谓语动词是谓语动词是不及物动词不及物动词，能表达完整的意思能表达完整的意思, , 后面可以跟后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句副词、介词短语、状语从句等。谓语等。谓语的修饰语叫的修饰语叫状语状语, ,状语可以出现在句首或句末，状语可以出现在句首或句末，有时无状语。有时无状语。典型例句典型例句 The machine works smoothly. They stopped to take
34、a short rest. He is standing by the window.(4)(4) Great changes have taken place（谓语）（谓语）in my home town（状语）（状语）in the past ten years（状语）（状语）.(5).(5). She sat（谓语）（谓语）there alone, reading a novel.即时练习即时练习请用本句型翻译下列句子。请用本句型翻译下列句子。1.太阳在照耀着。太阳在照耀着。2.我们学习很努力。我们学习很努力。3.他们谈了半个小时。他们谈了半个小时。The sun is shining.W
35、e study very hard.They talked for half an hour.4.这支笔书写流利。这支笔书写流利。5.2010年年4月月14日，玉树发生了一场地震。日，玉树发生了一场地震。6.五年前我住在北京。五年前我住在北京。The pen writes smoothly.A big earthquake happened in Yushu on Apr. 14，2010.I lived in Beijing five years ago.7.他昨晚很晚回家。他昨晚很晚回家。8.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。巨大的变化。Gre
36、at changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.He returned home late last night. S( S(主语主语) ) V(V(谓语谓语) ) O(O(宾语）宾语） 此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都是是及物动词及物动词，都具有实义，都是，都具有实义，都是主语产主语产生的动作生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才，才能使意思完整。而宾语成分的多样化使能使意思完整。而宾语成分的
37、多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。得这一结构异常复杂。典型例句典型例句Mary enjoys music. He loves her. I want to get your help. I dont know what to do.He enjoys reading.I dont think hes right.及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受及物动词本身需要一个动作的接受者者( (宾语宾语) )，才可以表达一个完整的，才可以表达一个完整的意思。做宾语的可以是意思。做宾语的可以是名词名词、代词代词、动名词动名词、不定式不定式、从句从句等。等。 活学活用活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：请划分以下句子的成
38、分：（1）Who knows the answer?（2）She smiled her thanks.（3）He has refused to help them.（4）He enjoys reading.（5）I am considering changing my job next month._ _+ +Vt.Vt.（及物）（及物）+ + IOIO + +DODO此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须必须跟有两个宾语跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语语一个是动作的直接承受者一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的另一
39、个是动作的间接承受者间接承受者。间接宾语。间接宾语( (人）一般在前面，直接人）一般在前面，直接宾语（物）在后面。但若要先说出直接宾语宾语（物）在后面。但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词介词toto或或forfor。如：如：He brings me cookies every day. He brings cookies to me every day.She bought me a beautiful skirt. She bought a beautiful skirt for me.用用 to 侧重指动作的方向，表示朝
40、着，向着，侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。对着某人。用用 for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助（需借助to的）的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；等；（需借助（需借助for 的）的） buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, sp
41、are等。等。 活学活用 请划分以下句子的成分：请划分以下句子的成分：(1) She ordered herself a new dress.(2) She cooked her husband a delicious meal.(3) I gave my car a wash.(4) He showed me how to run the machine划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语划出句中的直接宾语和间接宾语 Please tell us a story. My father bought a new bike for me last week. Mr Li is going to teac
42、h us history next term. Here is a pen. Give it to Tom. Did he leave any message for me?+（及物）（及物）+（宾语）（宾语）+（宾补）（宾补）此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思的意思，必须加上一个补充成分必须加上一个补充成分来来补足宾语补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这就叫才能使意思完整。这就叫复合宾语复合宾语结构。宾结构。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主
43、谓关系或主表关系。主表关系。典型例句典型例句 We elected Li Yang our monitor. The news made us sad. I found myself in dark. He encouraged me to study harder. The boss made him work overtime. I heard my name called. Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands. I found it very pleasant to be with your fami
44、ly.找出例句找出例句(2)-(8)宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系宾语和宾补间的逻辑关系 The news made us sad. I found myself in dark. He encouraged me to study harder. The boss made him work overtime. I heard my name called. Dont leave the water running after you have washed your hands. I found it very pleasant to be with your family. there + be
45、 + 主语主语用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，用以表达存在关系。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，之后，there 仅为引导仅为引导词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：词，并无实际语意。一般地说，全句意为：“某地有某物某地有某物/某人。某人。”如：There are about four thousand students in our school.温馨提示：温馨提示：学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。学生受汉语的干扰，会运用一些汉式表达。请观察下列句子：请观察下列句子：1. 有两个男孩儿正在等你。有两个男孩儿正在等你。2. 公园里每天有很
46、多人做早操。公园里每天有很多人做早操。There are two boys are waiting for you.错错改为改为There are two boys waiting for you.There are many people do exercises in the park every morning.错错改为改为Many people do exercises in the park every morning.特别说明特别说明1. be 1. be 与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，与其后的主语在人称和数上保持一致，有时态和情态变化。有时态和情态变化。2. 2.此句型有时不
47、用此句型有时不用bebe动词，而用动词，而用 livelive，standstand，comecome，gogo，lielie，remainremain，existexist，arrivearrive等不等不及物动词。这些动词有时态的变化。及物动词。这些动词有时态的变化。(1)(1) Near our school there exists/stands a high building. (2)(2) Once there lived a good doctor in a small town. (3) There comes the bus.(4) Once there lied a lak
48、e.(5) There remains（还有）（还有） one more test to be carried out.There be 句型的变式There be 句型中句型中be的前面可用一些半助动词，如的前面可用一些半助动词，如be about to(就要）就要）, be certain to（一定会），（一定会），be going to(将要），将要），be likely to（可能），（可能），used to（过去常），（过去常），appear/seem/happen to (似乎、恰好）等。似乎、恰好）等。There used to be a grocery store on th
49、e corner. There used to be a well in the village.There is likely to be something wrong with the engine.There is going to be a lecture this afternoon. There will be a meeting tomorrow. There must be some job I could do. There is likely to be a serious mistake in the decision. There happens to be a cl
50、assmate of mine in this school即时练习即时练习一、单句翻译请用一、单句翻译请用There be句型翻译下列句型翻译下列句子。句子。1.二月份有二十八天。二月份有二十八天。2.下午将有大风。下午将有大风。 Therere 28 days in February.Therell be strong winds in the afternoon.There be 句型的非谓语形式There be 句型有不定式（句型有不定式（there to be),现在分词和动名词现在分词和动名词形式形式(there being),作主语，宾语，定语，状语。作主语，宾语，定语，状语。(