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1、英语句子概论 英语句子概论 基本成分基本成分 附属成分附属成分 独立成分独立成分 省略成分省略成分 连接成分连接成分 简单句 并列句 复合句 She arrived quite early. (事实事实) / She may have arrived now. (看法看法) 1一般疑问句：一般疑问句： Has the factory gone into production? Shall I turn on the TV? 2特殊疑问句：特殊疑问句： Which colour do you prefer? How much is this table-cloth? 3选择疑问句：选择疑问句：
2、一般疑问句一般疑问句 + or + 第二个选择第二个选择: Are you an Englishman or an American? 特殊疑问句特殊疑问句 + 选择部分选择部分: Which do you prefer, red wine or white? 4反意（或附加）疑问句：反意（或附加）疑问句： You are not going out today, are you? Yes, I am. / No, Im not. Be sure to get here before nine. (You) Do it right now. what + 感叹句：感叹句： What a nob
3、le-hearted man he was! What good news it is! how + 感叹句：感叹句： How well she dances! How fast they are working!(1) 主语主语+系动词系动词+表语表语(S+V+P )The weather is very cold. (2) 主语主语+不及物动词不及物动词(S+Vi )He laughed. (3) 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语(S + Vt +O )I like Chinese food. (4) 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语 (S+V+IO+DO
4、)She taught them physics.(5) 主语主语+及物动词及物动词+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语(S+V+O+C)We must keep the room warm.双宾语双宾语复合宾语复合宾语 She made herself a new dress.第一类：第一类：give, show, send, bring, offer, read, pass, lend, leave, tell, hand, return, write, pay, throw, allow, wish, teach, promise, owe, refuse等。等。第二类：第二类：make,
5、buy, do, fetch, get, paint, play, save, reserve, spare, order, cook, sing, find等。等。 Ill return you the book tomorrow. Ill return the book to you tomorrow.She made a new dress for Mary. She made Mary a new dress. a. 对间接宾语加以强调时：对间接宾语加以强调时： Ive bought it for you, not for myself. Ill hand this letter to
6、 the secretary and not to the director. b. 当直接宾语是一个人称代词时：当直接宾语是一个人称代词时： Ill send it to you tomorrow. Youd better hand it directly to the headmaster. c. 当直接宾语比间接宾语短时：当直接宾语比间接宾语短时： She showed the picture to the students sitting near her. d. 当间接宾语置于句首时：当间接宾语置于句首时： Who did you send it to? To him I told
7、the story, not to his brother. e. 当间接宾语和直接宾语都是代词时：当间接宾语和直接宾语都是代词时： He gave it to me. Ill lend them to you.请说出下列句子类型。请说出下列句子类型。1.Summer is coming.2.They wont let me go.3.He showed me a new TV set.4.She knows what to do.5.The weather is very cold.S+ViS+V+CS+V+IO+DOS+V+OS+V+PS+V+PS+ViS+V+OS+V+IO+DOS+V+
8、O+C 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （ S + Vi ） 主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语 ( S + Vt + O) 主语主语 系动词系动词 表表 (S + LV + predicative) 主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S +Vt +O.indir+O. dir) 主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S + Vt. + O + O. compl)There + be / stand/ lie / live.简单句的五种基本句型简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、主语、动词（不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系
9、动词、宾补动词宾补动词) )、宾语及补语可以称为、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含完整的句子一般至少包含2 2个基本成分，至多个基本成分，至多4 4个基本成分个基本成分。nounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun / PronounThe + adjV-ing / ClauseInfinitiveNoun / Pronoun / The + adjV-ing / Clause / Infinitivebe / feel / seem / lookappear
10、/ stand / lie become /get / grow / turn go / come / remain/ keeptaste / smell etc. nounpronounadj. / adv.infinitiveV-ing / V-edclauseetc.附属成分附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是：基本成分的修饰语。可以是： 定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。短语或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a ho
11、spital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the USA.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John ma
12、kes Mary very angryHearing the news, he jumped with joy.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼
13、语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。句中可以去掉的成分，去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分独立成分（You） Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as, if ( he does ) not ( run ) faster, than you. ( I ) Hope you like it. Jo
14、hn should clean the room today and Peter ( should clean it ) tomorrow.句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示句中被省略的成分，虽然未说出来，却在句中表示一定的意思：一定的意思：省略成分省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的连接成分实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子（即从句）的连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）
15、的连词。这类连词叫从属连词从属连词。从。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。属连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整的句子（主句或从句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成个基本成分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他分，此外，如果意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。的句子成分。连接成分连接成分简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种构），它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。作用中的一种。 作一种陈述作一种陈述 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一种命令或请求发出一
16、种命令或请求 表示一种感叹表示一种感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog. / The dog bit the boy.The girl read the books. / The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!简单句的基本词序简单句的基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语） 方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat ye
17、sterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal in silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.简单句的扩展成份简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及
18、物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped through the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The
19、young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.两个简单句的主语可以两个简单句的主语可以 由连词由连词and、but、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。The boss is flying to Paris. His secretary is flying to Paris. The boss and his secretary are flying to Par
20、is. Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome. His secretary is not flying to Rome. The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin. His secretary may be flying to Berlin. Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The
21、boss is not flying to York. His secretary isnt flying to York. Neither the boss nor his secretary is flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由两个简单句的宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成等连词连接组成一个简单句。一个简单句。I met Jane. I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold. It
22、was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane. I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or her husband. I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night. We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主语、谓语、宾语的合并主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时
23、，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day; however, we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）We fished all day, but (we) didnt catch a thing.并列句并列句
24、常用并列连词常用并列连词coordinating conjunctions 平行并列连词平行并列连词: 转折并列连词：转折并列连词： 因果并列连词因果并列连词: 选择并列连词选择并列连词:and, bothand, not onlybut also,neither norbut, however, while, yet, for, so, or, eitheror, 并列句并列句并列句的词序：并列句的词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句并列句基本上保留了简单句的词序。的词序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (
25、he) wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。 主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式） 连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked hard and (he ) became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a cold, so I m going to bed. 主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman, but (they) didnt increase his salary.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词
26、把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired, so he went to bed.1. He was tired. He went to bed. 2. The child hid behind his mothers skirt. He was afraid of the dog.3. He made a promise. He didnt keep it.He made a promise, but he didnt keep it. The child hid behind his mothers skirt, for he was
27、afraid of the dog.4.Mary is opening the door. John is greeting her guests.Mary is opening the door , and John is greeting her guests.5. I like volleyball. My brother likes basketball.I like volleyball, while my brother likes basketball.由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所构成的句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。构成的句子。在英语书面语
28、中应用广泛。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接复合句可以通过把两个以上简单句连接在一起构成在一起构成,但复合句的各组成部份并非但复合句的各组成部份并非同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引同等重要，其中一个句子由从属连词引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。 复合句复合句 = 主句主句 + 从句从句复合句复合句复合句:主句+从句主句是一个完整的句子(independen
29、t sentence),它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在.By the time he arrived, 1we had already left. 2请指出该复合句的主句和从句部分。从句主句复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个复合句是在简单句的基础上，通过从属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起以上简单句连接在一起而构成。从属连词所引导的从句起形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从形容词、名词、副词的作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：句： 1. 主语从句主语从句 2. 宾语从句宾语从句3. 表语
30、从句表语从句 4. 定语从句定语从句5. 状语从句状语从句 6. 同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用的从句英文写作中最常使用的从句1. 宾语从句宾语从句2. 状语从句状语从句 3. 定语从句定语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how m
31、uch he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay. when he was leaving for Paris.that his fathered was working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he ha
32、s finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving for Washington.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句the people surprised T
33、hat What he saidWhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because h
34、e was ill.what has happened.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句 = 简
35、单句简单句 + 从属连词从属连词 +简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.指出下列各从句的类型指出下列各从句的类型vI believe that everything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who
36、sings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句PracticePracticePractice用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out. She was late. (why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day. I first went to York on that day. (when)I still remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一
37、个含有状语从句状语从句的复合句。的复合句。PracticePracticePracticeHe didnt come yesterday. He was ill. (原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.Ill give the letter to him. I see him. （时间（时间）It is such a big box. Nobody can move it. （结果（结果）Well go to the great wall. Its fine tomorrow. (条件条件) We should not go ther
38、e all the time. The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the Great Wall if its fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant, we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I s
39、ee him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.高考书面表达新评分标准重要的一条规定是：高考书面表达新评分标准重要的一条规定是：“有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，是全文结构有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，是全文结构紧凑。紧凑。” 而而“较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺乏连贯性缺乏连贯性”则被划入第二档（较差）（则被划入第二档（较差）（6 10分）。分）。衔接手段作为语篇的逻辑纽带，在句与句之间、甚至衔接手段作为语篇的逻辑纽带，在句与句之间、甚至段与段之间起承上启下的作用，保证句子、段落和篇章段与段之间起承上
40、启下的作用，保证句子、段落和篇章逻辑上关联、语义上连贯。衔接手段可以是词、短语逻辑上关联、语义上连贯。衔接手段可以是词、短语或片语，也可以是分句。以下对常用衔接手段做一简单或片语，也可以是分句。以下对常用衔接手段做一简单分类：分类：（1）表示时间顺序：）表示时间顺序： first / firstly, then, next, after, after that, before, during, throughout, later, while, when, meanwhile, at present, by now, finally, in the end, at last, at that
41、time, in the past, immediately 等。等。（2）表示方位：）表示方位： near (to), far (from), in (the) front of, at the back of, beside, behind, beyond, above, below, to the right, to the left, on one side, on the other side of, outside 等。等。（3）表示递进关系：）表示递进关系： and, also, furthermore, moreover, besides, in addition, above
42、 all, whats more 等。等。（4）表示因果关系：）表示因果关系： as, since, for, so, because, thus, accordingly, consequently, as a result, because of, due to, owing to, thanks to, therefore 等。等。（5）表示目的：）表示目的： for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order that, so as to, in order to / that, for the sake of 等。等。（6）表示列
43、举和顺序关系：）表示列举和顺序关系： first, second, third, next, then, finally, lastly, after that, first of all, to begin with, for one thing, and for another 等。等。（7）表示解释和说明：）表示解释和说明： for example, for instance, that is, namely, that is to say, such as, in other words, and so on 等。等。（8）表示转折和对比关系：）表示转折和对比关系： but, yet,
44、 still, anyway, while, however, (al)though, on the contrary, only, on the other hand, for all that, in contrast, similarly, at the same time, just like, just as 等。等。（9）表示概括和总结：）表示概括和总结： altogether, therefore, in conclusion, in brief, on the whole, in short, in a word, generally speaking, generally, as has been stated 等。等。