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1、读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思定语从句讲义及练习一、总概定语从句（ Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词；被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。 定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词 （关系代词或关系副词）引导。.关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有： when, where, why等。 关系代词和关系副词的选用取决于先行词及它们在定语从句中的语法成份1.关系代词先行词在定语从句中充当的语法成份1）Who 人 主语Whom 人 宾语Whose 人或物定语Which 物 主语或宾语That 人或物主语或宾
2、语2.关系副词先行词在定语从句中充当的语法成份When 表时间的名词时间状语Where 表地点的名词地点状语Why 表原因的名词原因状语That 用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why 和介词 + which可作关系副词3. 关系代词引导的定语从句。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、 宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 -
3、 - - - - - -第 1 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（作主语）-He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语 , 若指物，它还可以同of which 互换） , 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了， 大家都跑去帮忙。Please pass me t
4、he book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that 它们所代替的先行词是指事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：-A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 （which / that在句中作宾语）-The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。 (
5、which / that在句中作宾语) 当关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时，可把关系代词省掉4. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于 介词 + which 结构，因此常常和 介词 + which结构交替使用，例如：-There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。-Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生
6、地。-Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词that 可以用于表示时间、 地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和介词 + which引导的定语从句，在口语中that 常被省略，例如：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-His father died the year (that / when / in which) he w
7、as born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。-He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。5. 判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词， 还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：-This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. -I ll never forget the days when I
8、 worked together with you. 判断改错- This is the mountain village where I visited last year. -I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. -This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year. -I ll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside. 方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、
9、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one 6 限制性和非限制性定语从句1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主
10、句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：-This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：-Charles Smith, who wa
11、s my former teacher, retired last year. -My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。-This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰 , 这时 as 和 which 代替的是整个主句，相当于and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。并且从
12、句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：-He seems not to have grasped what I meant, (=and that)which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。-Liquid water changes to vapor, which (=and that) is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。关系代词that 和关系副词why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。7介词 +关系词(介词前置： 关系代词如果在定语从句中充当介词的宾语，可把介词前置到关系代词的前面，形成介词+关系代词的结构) 1）介
13、词后面的关系代词不能省略。2）that 前不能有介词。3）如果关系代词是动词短语的宾语，动词短语的介词不能前置错误用法： This is the girl of whom he will take care. 正确用法： This is the gril whom he will take care of 4）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词 +关系词 结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。-This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - -
14、- -第 4 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-This is the house where I lived two years ago. -Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? - Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 另外还应注意的是: way 后常用 that 代替 in which ，也可省略that -I really dont like the way (that) he talks. -That was the way in
15、which the old lady looked after us. of which 起形容词的作用，相当于whose （用来指物）They live in a house whose door (the door of which) opens to the south. 相同的先行词在表示不同的含义时，要根据其含义用不同的介词。-I can t remember the age at whi ch he won the prize.我记不起他获得奖金的年纪-That is the age in which people live in peace and happiness. 那正是人
16、们生活在和平幸福的时期（age 在前句中意为 年岁 ，与 at 搭配，在后句中意为时期 ，与 in 搭配。 ）先行词或定语从句中的动词、形容词要根据不同的具体语境选择适当的介词。-This is the bus on which the accident happened. 这是发交通意外的那辆巴士-This is the bus by which I came to this town. 这是我搭程去镇上的巴士8 Which 和 that 的选用1）当先行词是不定代词(everything , something , anything , little , much)时，只能用that Is
17、 there anything that I can help you? 有什么我可以帮你的吗？2)当先行词被序数词所修饰时，只能用that This is the second book that was written by the writter. 这是那个作者写的第二本书3)当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时，只能用that This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我所看过的最好的电影精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思4
18、)当先行词前有限定词(or , every , a few , noly , some , very等)修饰时，只能用that This is the only film that I wanted to see. 那正是我唯一想看的电影5）在 there be 句型中，只用that，不用 which 6）先行词既有人，又有物时，只能用that 7)当介词前置时，只能用which(P5-2) 8)在非限制定语从句，只能用which( 并在前用，号与主句隔开) 9 But 引导的定语从句相当于一个否定从句There is no one but knows about the matter. 没有
19、人不知道这事10. 定语从句和同位语从句的区别1）同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范围，或补充一些情况。-The news that l hove passed the exam is true我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。）-The news that he told me just now is true他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“ 他告诉我的 ” 那个消息，而不是别的消息。）2) 引导同位语从句的that 是连
20、词，在从句中不充当任何成份，而引导定语从句的that 是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。如：The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people. 计算机能够识别人的声音的想法使许多人感到惊奇。（that 在从句中不充当任何成份。）The idea that he gave surprises many people 他提出的观点令许多人感到吃惊。（that在从句中作gave 的宾语。）二、 As 和 which 在引导定语从句时的区别1.在限制性定语从句中的区别：A. as
21、 的用法：其通常和such the same连用，代指物在从句中做主语或宾语-This is the same pen as I bought yesterday。 这种笔和我昨天买的笔一样（同样的但不精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思是同一个）。从句的关系词在从句中做宾语，先行词被the same所修饰所以用as 引导注意：上句与下句的区别This is the same pen that I used yesterday.这就是昨天我使用的那一支钢笔（指的是同一个）。-I
22、studied in the same school as she did in Beijing. 我和他在北京的同一所学校就读。引导定语从句的关系词在从句中做宾语，因先行词被the same所修饰所以用as 引导-I want to have such a dictionary as he has. 我想要一本和他的一样的字典。-the same as : He is just the same as he use to be.他还是和过去一样-suchas : Such passengers as survived the explosing were drowned.象那些在爆炸中幸免遇
23、难的乘客都被淹死了-asas : As many as we found were taken to the hospital.我们找到多少就送到医院B. which 的用法：关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时通常可以省略（直接做介词的宾语时除外，不能省。）2.在非限制性定语从句中的区别：C. as 的用法：as 在引导非限制性定语从句时，可以代替整个句子或一件事，在从句中作主语、 宾语或表语， 意为 “ 正如 ，就像 ，据” ；从句位置可置于主句之前或之后，有时也可作为插入语置于句中，一般用逗号和主句隔开。as 的这种用法常见于以下这些结构: as we can see, as can
24、 be seen, as we know, as is（well) known,as may be imagined,as often happens,as has been said before,as was mentioned above,as is often the case,as/indeed it is,etc. -As is well known，great changes have taken place in China.or:Great changes,as is well known,have taken place in China.( as在定语从句中作主语。 ）-
25、This experiment is very simple，as indeed it is.实验非常简单，事实上也确实如此。(as在定语从句中作表语。 ）注意：which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，也有和as 一样的功能，可以代替整个句子，但 which 只能用在主句之后。在 as 所引导的非限制性定语从句中，如果用的是被动语态结构，be 动词可以省略；但which 没有此用法， be 动词不可省。如:She married him，which was unexpected. She married him as （was) unexpected.她嫁给了她，这一点大家都没有料到。（作主语，
26、代替前面的句子；用which 时 was 不可省。）精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思-The Pacific is the largest ocean,as we all know. -As we expect, we won the game. (as在从句中做主语，代指整个主句。) -The earth is round, as we all know. (as在从句中做know 的宾语，其代指整个主句。) -As is known to all, he is the b
27、est student in our class. as在从句中做主语，指整个主句。D. which 的用法：关系代词，在从句中做主语或宾语，代指人或物。当代指整个主句时表示的意思是主句和从句之间是因果关系即因为所以。其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。非限制性从句的引导词指代前面整个句子，在从句中作主语，如果谓语是BE 动词，可以用 as,也可以用which ，如果谓语是行为动词，只能用which 引导。-Tom suddenly fell ill, which made us sad. -The road was too slippery,which caused lots of a
28、ccidents. -He was angry, which made him cry. 他太生气了以至于他哭了起来。三、易混易错定语从句练习有些定语从句方面的题，如果不仔细审题、不弄清句意和句子结构，就很可能把一些似是而非的东西搞混， 从而降低解题的准确性。要想解决这个问题就得从准确理解句意和理清句子结构入手。1 Who lives in the house windows face south？ Who lives in the house the windows face south？Awhose B which C of which D that 解析：答案是 AC。 在句中windo
29、ws 前没有定冠词， 它所缺的是定语形容词，而 whose的用法就是在定语从句中作定语且既可指人也可指物。在句中windows前有定冠词，所以要填的内容不能作前置定语，又因为“ 房子的窗户” 用英语表达是“the windows of the house” ，故可用 of which 引导定语从句。2 Is this factory you visited last year？精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思Is this the factory you visited la
30、st year？Athat B of which C the one D wher 解析：答案是CA。在句中factory 前没有定冠词，这说明this 是作它的定语。这样，句中就缺少表语，也就是说定语从句缺少先行词，故选C（the one 后省略了that） 。在句中 this 作主语， the factory作表语，其后带一个that 引导的定语从句，故选A 3 John is the only one of the students who French John is one of the students who French Aknow B knows C knowing D kn
31、own 解析： 答案是 BA。在句中的句意是“ 约翰是学生中唯一懂法语的那个学生” ，其重心是the only one 故从句谓语动词应与one 一致。在句中的句意是“ 约翰是懂法语的学生中的一个 ” ，也就是 “ 懂法语的学生不止一个，约翰只是其中之一” ，其重心是the students ，故从句中谓语动词应与students 一致。4 When I have trouble，he is the only one I can ask for helpWhen I have trouble，he is the only one I can go for helpAwhom B to whom
32、 C which D to who 解析：答案是 AB。句中， 在结构上所要添的内容在从句中作ask 的宾语其句式是ask sbfor sth ，故用 whom 引导定语从句。 在句中， go 是不及物动词其句式是go to sb for sth ，故用 to whom 引导定语从句。5 This is the knife I usually cut my pencilThis is the knife I usually use to cut my pencilAwith which B which C by which D with that 解析：答案是 AB。在句中， 定语从句的句式是
33、cut my pencil with the knife，故用 with which 引导定语从句。在句中，定语从句的结构是use the knife to cut my pencil，故用which 引导定语从句。6 Last summer he went to Beijing，he had visited twiceLast summer he went to Beijing，he visited a lot of places of interestAwhich B where C that D there 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - -
34、- - -第 9 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思解析：答案是A 或 BB。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作visited 的宾语，故应填关系代词which 或 that。在句中， 所要填的内容在定语从句中作地点状语，故应填关系副词 where 。7 He still remember the days we spent togetherHe still remember the days we spent the summer holidays togetherAwhich B when C where D that 解析：答案是AB。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句
35、中应作spent的宾语，故应填关系代词which 。 在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作时间状语，故应填关系副词when 。8 The reason he gave us was that his car broke down on the wayThe reason he was late was thathis car broke down on the wayAwhy B which C how D what 解析： 答案是 BA。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中应作gave 的宾语，故应填关系代词 which 。在句中，所要填的内容在定语从句中作原因状语，故应填关系副词why。四、高考
36、真题再体验1. He was educated at a local grammar school, _ he went on to Cambridge. （2005 山东） A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this 2.( 03?上海 ?41)I can think of many cases _ students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. A. why B. which C.
37、as D. where 3.George Orwell, _ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. （2004北京） A. the real name B. what his real C. his real name D. whose real name 4.( 03?北京 ?春季 ?31)We are living in an age _ many things are done on computer. A. which B. that C. whose D. when 5.( 03?上海 ?春季 ?32)_ _
38、has been announced ,we shall have our final exams next month. A. That B. As C. It D. What 6.( 02?北京 ?22)We will be shown around the city :schools ,museums ,and some other 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 10 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思places, _other visitors seldom go. A. what B. which
39、C. where D. when 7.( 02?上海 ?31)Alec asked the policeman _ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom 8.( 02?京、蒙、皖 ?春季 ?35)The famous basketball star, _tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. A. where B. when C. which D. who 9.( 02
40、?上海 ?35)Is this the reason _at the meeting for his carelessness in his work? A. he explained B. what he explained C. how he explained D. why he explained 10.( 01?全国 ?22)The film brought the hours back to me_I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D. where 11.( 01?
41、上海 ?37)Hes got himself into a dangerous situation_he is likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. while D. why 12. She as educated at Beijing University, _She went on to have her advanced study abroad. （06 陕西卷）A. after which B. from which C. from that D. after that 13.( 01?上海 ? 春季
42、?30)Have you seen the film “Titanic”, _leading actor is world famous? A. its B. its C. whose D. which14.( 00?上海 ?28)Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _ was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 15. The Beatles, _many of you are old enough t
43、o remember, came from Liverpool. ( 2006天津卷 ) A. what B. that C. how D. as 16.( 00?京 、 皖 ?春 季 ?16)It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year,_for the first time in years their team won the World Cup. A. that B. while C. which D. when 17. _ is reported in the newspaper, talks between
44、the two countries are making progress. （2004 北京）A. It B. As C. That D. What 18. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, _, of course, made the others envy him. （ 04 天津）A. who B. that C. what D. which 19. I was told that there were about 50 foreign students _Chinese in the schoo
45、l, most 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 11 页，共 13 页读书之法 ,在循序而渐进 ,熟读而精思_were from Germany. ( 2006辽宁卷 ) A. study; of whom B. study; of themC. studying; of them D. studying; of whom 20. _is often the case, we have worked out the production plan. （2004 江苏）A. Which B. When C. What D. As 21
46、. Anyway, that evening, _ Ill tell you more about later, I ended up staying at Rachels place. （2004 浙江）A. when B. where C. what D. which 22. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （2004 广西）A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which
47、23. I work in a business _ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance. （2004湖南）A. how B. which C. where D. that 24. There was _ time _ I hated to go to school. （2004 湖北）Aa; that B a; when C the; that D the; when 25. There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high . （ 2004 湖北）Athe lar
48、ger B the larger of them Cthe larger one that Dthe larger of which 26. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _are sold abroad . （2004 辽宁）Aof which B which of C of them D of that 27. American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.
49、（2004 上海）A. who B. as C. about which D. with whom 28. The English play _ my students acted at the New Years party was a great success. （04 全国 I）A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which 28. There were dirty marks on her trousers _ she had wiped her hands. （2004 全国 II）A. where B. which C. when
50、 D. that 29. The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, _ the sailing time was 226 days. （04 全国 III）A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 30. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf, _ five are mine. （2004 全国 IV）A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from w