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1、专题四 阅读理解 1. 审标题，通全文，明大意。审标题，通全文，明大意。 首先，对于有标题的阅读材料，务必要先审标题，从标题首先，对于有标题的阅读材料，务必要先审标题，从标题中我们可以想像材料的内容和走向，有助于对材料的理解。其中我们可以想像材料的内容和走向，有助于对材料的理解。其次，一定要学会用扫描式快速阅读法来通读全文，对那些无关次，一定要学会用扫描式快速阅读法来通读全文，对那些无关紧要的地方可一扫而过，紧要的地方可一扫而过， 在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考，在关键之处要适当放慢速度加以思考，重在初步了解阅读材料的主旨大意。重在初步了解阅读材料的主旨大意。 2. 读问题，精复读，断答案。
2、读问题，精复读，断答案。 初步了解了阅读材料的主旨大意之后，初步了解了阅读材料的主旨大意之后， 要认真阅读问题，要认真阅读问题，明确考查角度，有的放矢地进行复读、精读，以提高解题效率明确考查角度，有的放矢地进行复读、精读，以提高解题效率和准确性。和准确性。 常见题型的解题思路与技巧：常见题型的解题思路与技巧： (1)事实细节题事实细节题 事实细节题属表层理解范畴，答案一般都能在原文中直接事实细节题属表层理解范畴，答案一般都能在原文中直接找到，因此难度系数较小。该类问题往往以找到，因此难度系数较小。该类问题往往以what, who, which, when, where, why, how等词提
3、出，是对文中某句、某段或某一等词提出，是对文中某句、某段或某一具体细节所作的提问。此类问题我们只需看准题目要求，带着具体细节所作的提问。此类问题我们只需看准题目要求，带着问题在原文中找到相关细节，便可迅速找到正确答案。问题在原文中找到相关细节，便可迅速找到正确答案。 利用题目的关键词去寻找文中对应词，利用题目的关键词去寻找文中对应词， 在对应词周围找答案。在对应词周围找答案。 范例范例Web language is popular. Today more and more Chinglish words are used by Chinese, especially the young Chi
4、nese. One example is“antizen”, an antizen is a college graduate(毕业生毕业生) who makes less money and lives in a small apartment, like a tiny and hard-working ant. 问题问题Who like to use Chinglish? A. All the Chinese. B. The young Chinese. C. The antizens. D. The college students. 【解析【解析】选选B。本题属细节理解题。该题的关键词
5、是。本题属细节理解题。该题的关键词是use Chinglish，这个我们可以在第一段第二句，这个我们可以在第一段第二句“. . . Chinglish words are used by Chinese, especially the young Chinese”找到找到对应词。分析这句话可得答案对应词。分析这句话可得答案B。 根据题干内容，在原文中搜索选择项，根据题干内容，在原文中搜索选择项， 对号入座。对号入座。（2011青岛中考）青岛中考） 范例范例Heres an interview to a pilot about his life. (R=Reporter; P=Pilot)R:
6、How much time do pilots actually spend flying a plane? P: It varies (WESJ) from about 20 minutes on some domestic (国国内的内的) flights to as much as 18 hours on international flights. It all depends on whether the flight is a short-or long-haul flight. R: Do pilots take breaks during flights or do they
7、fly the whole time? P: Yes, we take breaks during long-haul flights. Airlines assign (指派指派) three or four pilots to long flights. We take turns flying the plane. R: If pilots are traveling all the time, how do they deal with jet lag (时差时差)? P: Jet lag is annoying for almost all pilots. I try to go t
8、o sleep as I would at home. R: How important is it to know the weight and size of the plane you are flying? P: It is very important. We weigh almost everything put into the airplane and make estimates (估计估计) according to the number of people on each flight. R: Do pilots eat the airplane food? P: Yes
9、, we eat business class food! Airplane food changes every season and is very delicious if you dont hate eating lobster (龙龙虾虾) every day! The pilots on the same plane are supposed to make different meal choices so that if one of the dishes causes food poisoning, only one of them will be sick. That wa
10、y, at least one pilot will always be well enough to fly the plane! 问题问题What question doesnt the reporter ask in the interview? A. How to keep passengers safe? B. How long do pilots actually spend flying a plane? C. How to deal with jet lag? D. How to take breaks during flying? 【解析【解析】选选A。本题属细节理解题。全文
11、记者共问了五个问题。本题属细节理解题。全文记者共问了五个问题。到原文中去搜索这四个选择项，我们会发现到原文中去搜索这四个选择项，我们会发现B是第一个问题，是第一个问题，C是第三个问题，是第三个问题，D是第二个问题，唯独找不到是第二个问题，唯独找不到A, 故选故选A。 （2）推理判断题）推理判断题 该题型考查学生通过文章表层信息推测其隐含信息的能力，该题型考查学生通过文章表层信息推测其隐含信息的能力，要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理要求学生对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作正确的推理判断。该类题虽然在原文中不能直接找到答案，但是有间接的判断。该类题虽然在原文中不能直接找到
12、答案，但是有间接的暗示和线索，切记它不是读者本人的看法或观点。暗示和线索，切记它不是读者本人的看法或观点。 根据文中某个词、句子或段落进行推理。根据文中某个词、句子或段落进行推理。 范例范例One day a young man walked into a pet shop and said to the shop assistant, “Could I have two mice and about twenty roaches (蟑螂蟑螂)? ” “Why do you need these things? ” the shop assistant was very surprised.
13、“Well, ” answered the young man, “Im moving out of my apartment (公寓公寓) and the landlord (房东房东) said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ”问题问题From the passage we know the apartment may be _ before the young man moved into it. A. very cleanB. just cleaned by the
14、landlord C. tidy and comfortable D. dirty and full of insects (昆虫昆虫)【解析【解析】选选D。根据文章中的句子。根据文章中的句子“Im moving out of my apartment and the landlord said that I should leave the house in exactly the same condition as I found it. ”可知年轻人买老鼠和可知年轻人买老鼠和蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。蟑螂的原因是房东要求房屋必须和年轻人搬进来时一模一样。据此我
15、们可以推断年轻人入住前，公寓一定是很脏，且有很多据此我们可以推断年轻人入住前，公寓一定是很脏，且有很多昆虫，故选昆虫，故选D。 根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。根据作者的语气、论调和倾向进行推断。范例范例Bill: Do I have to take the test? Teacher: Do you want to pass the course? 问题问题What did the teacher mean? A. Bill must study to pass. B. Bill wont pass unless he takes the test. C. Bill neednt tak
16、e the test. D. Bill may miss the test. 【解析【解析】选选B。根据对话内容可知，比尔不想参加考试，但老。根据对话内容可知，比尔不想参加考试，但老师告诉他，不参加考试，本门课程就过不了关。由此可推知应师告诉他，不参加考试，本门课程就过不了关。由此可推知应选选B项。项。 （3）词义猜测类）词义猜测类 该题型主要考查考生通过上下文去判断词义。词义题的考该题型主要考查考生通过上下文去判断词义。词义题的考查有两种：一种是超纲词含义的推断，另一种是熟词生义的推查有两种：一种是超纲词含义的推断，另一种是熟词生义的推断。断。 根据前后的比较对照关系、对它的定义、根据前后的
17、比较对照关系、对它的定义、 重述以及举例等进行猜测。重述以及举例等进行猜测。 范例范例Do you have any foreign friends? Do you know their characteristics(特征特征)? The Germans are very quiet and they always keep calm. They dont like to speak more words. They look very serious. They like different kinds of amusements. The Germans are very hard-wo
18、rking. They like tidiness, especially the women, who always keep their home clean. 问题问题What does the underlined word “tidiness” mean in Chinese? A. 整洁整洁 B. 沉默的沉默的 C. 文静文静 D. 孤独的孤独的【解析【解析】选选A。一方面，由下文。一方面，由下文“especially the women, who always keep their home clean. ”可知他们爱整洁、爱干净；另可知他们爱整洁、爱干净；另一方面，从句法结构上
19、看一方面，从句法结构上看tidiness作作like的宾语，不可能是形容的宾语，不可能是形容词；再者，词；再者，-ness是名词词缀，故选是名词词缀，故选A。 利用同义词、同位语以及构词法等进行猜测。利用同义词、同位语以及构词法等进行猜测。 （2011沈阳中考）沈阳中考） 范例范例If youre into sports, youve seen it happentennis players jump over the net to shake hands after a hard match; football players exchange jerseys（运动衣）（运动衣）after
20、ninety minutes of knocking each other around; even boxers touch gloves at the beginning of each round. Players in every event, from spelling bees to golf（高尔夫球），（高尔夫球），act in this way. Its all part of sportsmanship（体育精神），（体育精神），a great tradition in sports and competition. It means playing and being c
21、alm all through the match. 问题问题The underlined word “bees” in the passage means _. A. fly B. competitionC. guess D. research【解析【解析】选选B。把。把spelling bees，golf分别与下文的分别与下文的sports，competition对应起来，很容易猜到对应起来，很容易猜到bees和和competition是同义词。是同义词。 (4)数字推算类数字推算类 该题型要求学生根据文章提供的数据及内在的关系作出简该题型要求学生根据文章提供的数据及内在的关系作出简单的计
22、算和推断。单的计算和推断。 理清有关数字的关系，列出数学算式。理清有关数字的关系，列出数学算式。 范例范例You may know about “junk food” like French fries. But do you know about “junk sleep”? Recently, a British survey found that electronic(电子的电子的) products in teenagers bedrooms are affecting(影响影响)their sleep. The survey was done among 1, 000 British
23、kids from 12 to 16. It found that 30 percent of them got just 4 to 7 hours sleep every day. But doctors say they need 8 to 9 hours. . . . . . . 问题问题_ of the children in the survey sleep only 4 to 7 hours a day. A. 200 B. 300 C. 500 D. 1, 000【解析【解析】选选B。根据文章的第三段第一、二句我们可以作这样。根据文章的第三段第一、二句我们可以作这样一个简单的计算
24、：一个简单的计算：100030%=300，故答案为，故答案为B。 （5）主旨大意类）主旨大意类 该类题型在历年中考出现的频率也很高，难度系数较大。该类题型在历年中考出现的频率也很高，难度系数较大。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。 从英语文章中出现主旨大意最频繁的位从英语文章中出现主旨大意最频繁的位 置置首尾句去找。首尾句去找。（2011泰安中考）泰安中考） 范例范例A group of people asked this q
25、uestion to a group 4-to-8-year-old children. “What does love mean? ” The answers were surprising. The children would answer like they did below. “When my grandmother hurt her knees (膝盖膝盖), she couldnt bend (弯腰弯腰) over and paint her toenails (脚指甲脚指甲) any more. So my grandfather does it for her all th
26、e time, even when his hands hurt too. Thats love. ”Rebecca-age 8 “Love is when someone hurts you. And you get so mad but you dont shout at them because you know it would hurt their feelings. ”Samantha-age 6 “Love is what makes you smile when youre tired. ”Terri-age 4 “I let my big sister pick on (捉弄
27、捉弄) me because my mum says she only picks on me because she loves me. So I pick on my baby sister because I love her. ”Bethany-age 4 “I know my older sister loves me because she gives me all her old clothes and has to go out and buy new clothes. ”Lauren-age 4 “Love is when Mommy gives Daddy the best
28、 piece of chicken. ”Elaine-age 5 “My mommy loves me more than anybody. You dont see anyone else kissing me to sleep at night. ”Clear-age 5 “You really shouldnt say I love you unless you mean it. But if you mean it, you should say it a lot. People forget. ”Jessica-age 8问题问题The passage mainly tells us
29、 about _. A. what “life” means to childrenB. what “family” means to childrenC. what “friends” means to childrenD. what “love” means to children【解析【解析】选选D。主旨大意题。在文章第二句。主旨大意题。在文章第二句“What does love mean? ”我们就能找到文章的主旨，据此可足以判断选我们就能找到文章的主旨，据此可足以判断选D。 通过全文主要内容，总结作者写作意图。通过全文主要内容，总结作者写作意图。 范例范例Foolish(silly)
30、 Freddie lived in a small village. The people of the village laughed at him. They liked to show visitors how silly Freddie was. They thought this was a funny thing to do. One day, a visitor came to the village. “Watch this, ” a villager said, and called to Freddie. “Come and play a game, Freddie, ”
31、he shouted. Freddie walked slowly towards him, a silly smile on his face. “Look! Freddie, ”the villager said, “Ive got something for you. ” He showed Freddie a dollar coin and a much larger 50-cent coin. “Which would you like? ” he asked Freddie. Freddie took the 50-cent coin at once. The villager l
32、aughed. “See how foolish he is, ” he said. “He always does that. Hes too silly to learn anything. ” He walked away, leaving Freddie with the visitor. The visitor felt sorry for Freddie and said to him, “Although the 50-cent coin is bigger than the1 coin, the1 coin is worth(值值) much more. Two times a
33、s much. ” “I know that, ” Freddie said. “But once I take the1 coin, theyll stop playing the game. ”问题问题The best title for the passage should be _. A. Clever VillagersB. “Foolish” Freddie C. Freddie and a Visitor D. A Visitor and the Villagers【解析【解析】选选B。通读故事可知：弗雷迪一点也不傻，他表面上。通读故事可知：弗雷迪一点也不傻，他表面上装傻，是为了
34、可以继续做这样的游戏。装傻，是为了可以继续做这样的游戏。 考点一考点一 判断正误型阅读理解判断正误型阅读理解 判断正误型阅读理解题仍将以文章细节设题为主，以推理判断正误型阅读理解题仍将以文章细节设题为主，以推理判断为辅，重在考查学生识别文章信息的能力。近年来，该题判断为辅，重在考查学生识别文章信息的能力。近年来，该题型主要集中在黑龙江、吉林、青海、陕西、山东、四川、云南、型主要集中在黑龙江、吉林、青海、陕西、山东、四川、云南、福建等省市。预计福建等省市。预计2013年判断正误型阅读理解仍将是非主流题年判断正误型阅读理解仍将是非主流题型，区域性特色明显。型，区域性特色明显。根据短文内容，判断下列
35、句子的正误，正确的用根据短文内容，判断下列句子的正误，正确的用“T”，错误的，错误的用用“F”。（2012福州中考）福州中考） A farmers dog, Dolly, had puppies (小狗小狗), and the farmer needed to sell them. He painted a sign and put it in his yard. As he was putting up the sign, a little boy walked up to him. “Sir, ” he said, “I want to buy one of your dogs. ” “W
36、ell, ” said the farmer, “these dogs are very expensive. ” “Can I just look? ” asked the boy. “Sure, ” said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨吹口哨). “Here, Dolly! ” he called. Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her. The boy became excited. Then, the little boy noticed another dog.
37、 This one was smaller. It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others. “I want that one, ” the boy said, pointing to the little dog. The farmer said, “Son, you dont want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ” The little boy reached down and rolled up
38、 (卷起卷起) one leg of his trousers. He showed a cast(石膏石膏) on his leg and a specially made shoe. He said, “You see, sir, I dont run too well myself, and he will need someone who understands. ” The world is full of people who need someone who understands. 1. Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby do
39、gs. 2. One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs were weak. 3. The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog. 4. Nothing was wrong with the boys leg. 5. We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak. 剖析剖析 本文主要是通过一位腿有残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没本文主要是通过一位腿有
40、残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快的狗，却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗看中健康、跑得快的狗，却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事，诠释了一个生活哲理的故事，诠释了一个生活哲理生活中人们要彼此爱护、相生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。互理解。 . 词数分析词数分析 本文篇幅适中，全文共有本文篇幅适中，全文共有202词，其中含有生词（组）词，其中含有生词（组）4个个（puppies小狗小狗, whistled 吹口哨吹口哨, rolled up 卷起卷起, cast石膏）。石膏）。. 体裁分析体裁分析 本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一个农夫要卖掉小狗展开本文是一篇哲理故事。文章先由一个农
41、夫要卖掉小狗展开故事，然后详细描述小孩买狗的过程，最后通过孩子的话语揭故事，然后详细描述小孩买狗的过程，最后通过孩子的话语揭示出本文的主题示出本文的主题生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。. 角度分析角度分析 1、2小题是推理判断题，小题是推理判断题，3、4小题是细节理解题，第小题是细节理解题，第5小小题是主旨大意题。题是主旨大意题。. 答案分析答案分析1. 【解析【解析】F。推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中。推理判断题。由短文第六段第一句中“. . . four little dogs followed her. ”及第三、四、五句可知及第三、四、五句可知Doll
42、y除了前面除了前面提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说提到的四只小狗之外还有一只体形更小的小狗。故此处说Dolly有四只小狗是不正确的，它至少有五只才对。有四只小狗是不正确的，它至少有五只才对。2. 【解析【解析】T。推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句。推理判断题。由短文第六段第五句“It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others. ”及第八段中及第八段中“He will never be able to run and play with you. . . ”可以推断这只小可以推断这只小狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。
43、故此处说法正确。狗行动缓慢可能是因为它的腿虚弱无力。故此处说法正确。3. 【解析【解析】T。细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话。细节理解题。由短文第八段中农夫所讲的话“Son，you dont want that dog. He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs. ”可知，农夫确实建议可知，农夫确实建议男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。男孩不要选择那只体形小的狗。故此处正确。4. 【解析【解析】F。细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可。细节理解题。由短文第九段第一句和第二句可知，这个
44、男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋，并且后面男知，这个男孩的腿上打着石膏并且穿着特制的鞋，并且后面男孩说孩说“. . . I dont run too well myself. . . ”，可以确定他的腿是，可以确定他的腿是有问题的。故此处错误。有问题的。故此处错误。5. 【解析【解析】T。主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段，特别是最后。主旨大意题。结合短文最后五段，特别是最后一句话一句话“The world is full of people who need someone who understands. (这个世界充满了需要别人理解的人。这个世界充满了需要别人理解的人。)”，可以提，可以提炼
45、出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家对弱势群体奉献出爱和理解。炼出这篇短文的主旨是号召大家对弱势群体奉献出爱和理解。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。故此处主旨归纳是正确的。考点二考点二 选择型阅读理解选择型阅读理解 选择型阅读理解是最为流行的一种题型，因为它设题角度选择型阅读理解是最为流行的一种题型，因为它设题角度灵活多样，有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题以及主旨灵活多样，有细节理解题、推理判断题、词义猜测题以及主旨大意题，能够较客观全面地考查学生的阅读能力。因此，预计大意题，能够较客观全面地考查学生的阅读能力。因此，预计2013年中考选择型阅读理解仍将是主流题型。同时，文章体裁年中考选择型阅读理解仍将是主
46、流题型。同时，文章体裁将更加多样化，选材更加广泛，生活气息、时代特色更加浓郁。将更加多样化，选材更加广泛，生活气息、时代特色更加浓郁。阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题阅读下列短文，并做每篇短文后面的题目，从各题A、B、C、D中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。中选出能回答所提问题或完成所给句子的最佳答案。（2011潍坊中考）潍坊中考） Mr. White works in an office. He liked reading in bed when he was at school. It was bad for his eyes and now he is near-
47、sighted. But he wouldnt want anybody else to know about it and he never wears a pair of glasses. It often brings him some trouble. One winter morning he was sent to a village school on business. He got off a bus at a stop in a small town. Then he had to walk there. The road to the village wasnt smoo
48、th. There were stones here and there. He fell over several times and it made his clothes very dirty. At last he got to the village. Suddenly it began to blow strongly and it got much colder. His hat was blown off while he was looking for the school. He had to run after it but he couldnt catch it. He
49、 was wondering why his hat ran into a house as if it had legs. And then he ran into the house, too. A big woman appeared and stopped him by shouting angrily, “What are you running after my hen for? ”1. According to the passage, which of the following is true? A. Mr. White wears a pair of glasses. B.
50、 Mr. White works in a village school. C. Mr. White likes reading in bed in his office. D. Mr. White often has some trouble because of his near-sight. 2. What was the weather like when Mr. White was walking to the village school? A. It was warm. B. It was windy. C. It was fine. D. It was cool. 3. Mr.