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1、Lesson 2 Mechanization and Automation机械化和自动化机械化和自动化Section I Words and PhrasesSection II Text and TranslationSection III Exercises and Answers词英汉练 End Next 答Section I Words and Phrasesmechanization ,meknaizein n.机械化 例句：We are speeding up the mechanization of our agriculture. 我们正在加快农业机械化的步伐。 automati
2、on ,:tmein n.自动化in as much as 因为，由于，鉴于，既然 例句：In as much as the debtor has no property , I abandoned the claim. 因为债务人无财产,我放弃了债务。 debtor det n. 借方，债务人 Topic Above Next End They bought in as much food as would last the winter. 他们买进了足以维持一个冬天的食品。 discrimination dis krimi nein n.辨别，鉴别，识别，歧视 例句:He spoke ou
3、t against racial discrimination. 他声言反对种族歧视。 These robots are capable of shape discrimination. 这些机器人能辨别形状。feedback fi:dbk n.反馈,回馈negative feedback 负反馈deviation 7di:vi:5ein n.偏差，偏移,背离 例句：Any deviation from the partys faith is seen as betrayal. 任何对党的信仰的偏离被视作背叛。betrayal bitreil n. 1. 背叛;密告;泄密2. 引诱spinni
4、ng 5spini adj.旋转的 n.纺线，纺纱 例句：Spinning is one of my hobbies.我很喜欢纺纱。单词来源：spin spin vt. & vi 使旋转，杜撰，纺线，纺纱Topic Above Next End pneumatic nju:5mtik adj.空气的，气动的 例句：This pneumatic tool will double the speed of assembly. 这个气动工具可以把装配速度提高一倍。 Knowledge of hydraulic, pneumatic and electronic fixture application
5、s. 具备运用液压、气动和电子器具的知识。 pneumatic cylinder 气缸 pneumatic actuator 气动执行元件 Section I Words and Phraseshydraulic haidr:lik adj.液压的 例句：Hydraulic jacks under the machine produce the movement. 是机器下面的液压千斤顶造成的移动。 hydraulic engineering 水利工程 hydraulic drive 液压传动hydraulic transmission system 液压传动系统remarkable ri5m
6、:kbladj.显著的，非凡的，值得注意的remarkable achievements 卓越的成就 例句： Remarkable quality has good prestige . 卓越的品质便有良好的信誉。 prestige presti: n.名望,声望,威望 ; Topic Above Next End displace 5dis5pleis vt.移置，取代，转移 过去式:displaced 过去分词:displaced 现在分词:displacing 例句：He was displaced by another young man. 他已被另一个年轻人顶替。 The war h
7、as displaced thousands of people. 战争使成千上万的人背井离乡。 exceptional iksepnl adj.例外的;异常的;特殊的;优秀的;卓越的Section I Words and Phrasesold-fashioned uld fnd adj.老式的，旧的 例句：An old-fashioned, fussy person. 老古板思想过时、吹毛求疵的人 fussy fsi adj.大惊小怪的;难以取悦的;挑剔的 His values seem old-fashioned. 他的价值观念似乎陈旧了。immense i mens adj.极大的，巨大
8、的 例句：They made an immense improvement in English. 在英语方面他们取得了巨大的进步。 The expense of living is immense.生活费用很庞大。 Topic Above Next End centrifugal sentrifjugl adj.离心的 centrifugal force 离心力 centrifugal governor离心式调速器 shaft :ft n. C轴；矿井;竖井 valve vlv n. n. c1. 阀,活门 2. 真空管，电子管 innumerable inju:mrbl adj.无数的;数
9、不清的mass-produced大(批)量生产的 Section II Text Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex ever since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.（自从18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化进程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越复杂。） The current developments of automatic processes are, howe
10、ver, different from the old ones.（但目前的工业自动化过程较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同）Topic Above Next 汉 End The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries in as much as mechanization was applied to individual operations, whereas “automation” is concerned with the op
11、eration and control of a complete producing unit.（ 20世纪的工业自动化之所以有别于18、19世纪的机械化，是因为机械化仅应用于操纵(执行）机构，而自动化则涉及整个生产单元的执行和控制两个（核心）部分。 ）And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that mechanization displaces muscle, “automation” displaces brain as well.（尽管不是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件
12、依然发挥着强大的力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。）The distinction between the mechanization of the past and what is happening now is, however, not a sharp one. At one extreme we have the electronic computer with its quite remarkable capacity for discrimination and control, while at the other end of the scale are
13、 “transfer machines”, as they are now called, which may be as simple as a convey or belt to another.（机械化程度的发展在过去和现在的区别不是很明显，而在一端是具有强大辨别和控制功能的电子计算机，另一端是我们目前所说的“转换机构”正如传输带一样与其他设备简单地连接起来。 ）An automatic mechanism is one which has a capacity for self-regulate; that is, it can regulate or control the syst
14、em or process without the need for constant human attention or adjustment. （自动调整机构能够自动调节系统，也就是说，它能在没有人干预和调整的情况下，自动对系统或生产过程进行控制和调节。） Now people often talk about “feedback” as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by vir
15、tue of which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can be detected, measured , reported and corrected. （现代工业技术的核心因素就是当前人们经常提起的反馈（控制），它是以自动调节系统为基础，借助于系统参考值与期望值之间的偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到）Topic Above Next 汉 End When “feedback” is applied to the process by which a large digital computer
16、runs at the immense speed through a long series of sums, constantly rejecting the answers until it finds one to fit a complex set of facts that have been put to it, it is perhaps different in degree from what we have previously been accustomed to machines. (反馈控制应用于高速运转的大型数字计算机进行复杂运算时，对于输入的复杂问题，计算机通常
17、会一直运行，直到求出与问题匹配的结果。这或许与我们以前熟知的机器有很大的差别。)But “feedback”, as such, is a familiar mechanical conception. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted with a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers spinning round and round an upright shaft.(反馈是我们所熟悉的机械概念。旧式的蒸汽机安装有离心式调速器，控制杆上的两个球不停地绕立轴旋转， If the steam pre
18、ssure rose and the engine started to go too fast, the increased speed of the spinning governor caused it to rise up the vertical rod and shut down a valve. This cut off some of the steam and thus the engine brought itself back to its proper speed(气压升高，发动机转速变快，旋转调速器速度增加，使立杆上升，关闭阀门，切断蒸汽，从而发动机恢复到合适的速度。
19、)The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. (随着工业革命的出现，机械化也随之产生，由于这时的机械化仅局限
20、于单个生产过程。因此，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。)Only in a few instances were processes automatically linked together and was production organized as a continuous flow.(仅仅在很少的情况下，这些生产过程才能够自动地衔接起来，形成连续的产品生产线。) In general, however, although modern industry has been highly mechanized ever since the 1920s
21、, the mechanized parts have not as a rule been linked together. Electric-light bulbs, bottles and the components of innumerable mass-produced articles are made in mechanized factories in which a degree of automatic control has gradually been building up. (一般而言，从20世纪20年代以来，尽管现代工业已经实现了高度机械化，然而通常机械化的部分
22、还没有联系在一起。机械化的工厂生产了电灯泡、瓶子和大量生产的产品的元件，这些机械化工厂的自动化程度日益得到了加强)Topic Above Next 汉 End The development of the electronic computer in the 1940s suggested that there were a number of other devices less complicated and expensive than the computer which could share the field of mechanical control. (20世纪40年代电子计
23、算机的发展，意味着在机械控制领域内将出现大量比计算机更简单、更廉价的产品。)These devices mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic have been considerably developed in recent years and will continue to advance now that the common opinion is favoring the extension of “automation”. (这些装置机械装置、气动装置、液压装置，在近些年内已有了很大的发展，并将继续发展下去，通常认为这有利于自动控制的发展。) El
24、ectronic devices, of course, although not the sole cause of what is happening, are nevertheless in a key position. They are gaining in importance and unquestionably hold out exceptional promise for development in the future.(电子设备对目前自动控制的发展仍然处于举足轻重的地位，无疑在今后自动控制发展方面还继续会发挥不可估量的作用。 ) 自从18世纪末工业革命开始，工业机械化
25、进程一直在不断地发展，并且变得越来越复杂。但目前的工业自动化过程较以前的工业自动化过程有很大的不同。20世纪的工业自动化之所以有别于18、19世纪的机械化，是因为机械化仅应用于操纵(执行）机构，而自动化则涉及整个生产单元的执行和控制两个（核心）部分。尽管不是所有的情况，但在大多数情况下，控制元件依然发挥着强大的力量，机械化已经代替了手工劳动，而自动化代替了脑力劳动。 机械化程度的发展在过去和现在的区别不是很明显，而在一端是具有强大辨别和控制功能的电子计算机，另一端是我们目前所说的“转换机构”正如传输带一样与其他设备简单地连接起来。自动调整机构能够自动调节系统，也就是说，它能在没有人干预和调整的
26、情况下，自动对系统或生产过程进行控制和调节。 Topic Above Next 英 End Section II Translation 现代工业技术的核心因素就是当前人们经常提起的反馈（控制），它是以自动调节系统为基础，借助于系统参考值与期望值之间的偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。反馈控制应用于高速运转的大型数字计算机进行复杂运算时，对于输入的复杂问题，计算机通常会一直运行，直到求出与问题匹配的结果。这或许与我们以前熟知的机器有很大的差别。就其本身而论，反馈是我们所熟悉的机械概念。旧式的蒸汽机安装有离心式调速器，控制杆上的两个球不停地绕立轴旋转，气压升高，发动机转速变快，
27、旋转调速器速度增加，使立杆上升，关闭阀门，切断蒸汽，从而发动机恢复到合适的速度。 随着工业革命的出现，机械化也随之产生，由于这时的机械化仅局限于单个生产过程。因此，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。仅仅在很少的情况下，这些生产过程才能够自动地衔接起来，形成连续的产品生产线。Topic Above Next 英 End Section II Translation 一般而言，从20世纪20年代以来，尽管现代工业已经实现了高度机械化，然而通常机械化的部分还没有联系在一起。机械化的工厂生产了电灯泡、瓶子和大量生产的产品的元件，这些机械化工厂的自动化程度日益得到了加
28、强。20世纪40年代电子计算机的发展，意味着在机械控制领域内将出现大量比计算机更简单、更廉价的产品。这些装置机械装置、气动装置、液压装置，在近些年内已有了很大的发展，并将继续发展下去，通常认为这有利于自动控制的发展。电子设备对目前自动控制的发展仍然处于举足轻重的地位，无疑在今后自动控制发展方面还继续会发挥不可估量的作用。Topic Above Next 英 End Section III ExercisesI. 根据课文填空根据课文填空 1. Processes of mechanization have been developing and becoming more complex th
29、e beginning of the Industrial Revolution at the end of the 18th century.2. The current developments of automatic processes are, however, different the old ones.3. The “automation” of the 20th century is distinct from the mechanization of the 18th and 19th centuries mechanization was applied to indiv
30、idual operations, whereas “automation” is concerned with the operation and control of a complete producing unit. 4. And in many, though not all, instances the element of control is so great that mechanization displaces muscle, “automation” displaces as well.Topic Above 答Next End 5. An automatic mech
31、anism is one which has a capacity for self-regulate; that is, it can regulate or control the system or process the need for constant human attention or adjustment. 6. The system is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue which any deviation in the system from desired conditions can b
32、e detected, measured , reported and corrected. 7. The old-fashioned steam engine was fitted a centrifugal governor, two balls on levers . 8. The, mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited individual processes.Section III ExercisesTopic Above 答Next End
33、 Section III Exercises9. The components of innumerable mass-produced articles are made in mechanized factories which a degree of automatic control has gradually been building up. 10. The development of the electronic computer in the 1940s suggested that there were a number of other devices less comp
34、licated and expensive the computer which could share the field of mechanical control. Topic Above 答Next End Section III ExercisesII. 将下列短语和句子译成中文将下列短语和句子译成中文 1. Industrial Revolution, mechanization and automatization, self-regulating system, feedback, mass-produced articles, hydraulic control, compo
35、nent, load and unload.工业革命，机械化和自动化，自我调节系统，反馈，大量生产的产品，液压控制，元件（部件），装卸和卸载。Topic Above 答Next End 2. Now people often talk about “feedback” as being an essential factor of the new industrial techniques, upon which is based an automatic self-regulating system and by virtue of which any deviation in the sy
36、stem from desired conditions can be detected, measured , reported and corrected. 现代工业技术的核心因素就是当前人们经常提起的反馈（控制），它是以自动调节系统为基础，借助于系统偏差与期望值之间的偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。 3. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the
37、employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. 机械化引入工业革命，由于仅局限于单个生产过程。因此，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。Section III Exercises . 将下列句子译成英文将下列句子译成英文 1. 一般来说，自从20世纪80年代计算机技术和信息技术就已经发展的很快。 In general, computer te
38、chnology and information technology have rapidly developed ever since the 1980s.Topic Above 答Next End 2.借助自动调节系统，这个生产线生产的产品质量已经越来越高，生产成本越来越低。 By virtue of the automatic self-regulating system, the quality of products made by this mass-produced line has become higher and higher, and lower and lower i
39、n the productive cost 3.机械化引入工业革命，由于仅局限于单个生产过程。因此，需要使用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。 The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload m
40、aterials and transfer them from one place to another 4.自动机械装置是一个能够自行调节，不需要人工调整的系统。 An automatic mechanism is a system which has a capacity for self-regulate without the need for human adjustment 5.这台机器人装备有先进的智能控制元件。 5.This robot is fitted with the advanced intelligent control components.Section III
41、AnswersI. 根据课文内容填空根据课文内容填空1. ever since 2. from 3.in as much as 4. brain 5. without 6. of 7. with 8. to 9. in 10. thanII. 将下列短语和句子译成中文1.工业革命，机械化和自动化，自我调节系统，反馈，大量生产的产品，液压控制，元件（部件），装卸和卸载。2.现代工业技术的核心因素就是当前人们经常提起的反馈（控制），它是以自动调节系统为基础，借助于系统偏差与期望值之间的偏差来控制，可由自动检测、测量、显示和校正方法得到。3.机械化引入工业革命，由于仅局限于单个生产过程。因此，需要使
42、用人工控制每部机器及装卸材料，并把材料从一个地方运到另一个地方。Topic Above Next Return End Section III Answers. 将下列句子译成英文将下列句子译成英文1. In general, computer technology and information technology have rapidly developed ever since the 1980s.2. By virtue of the automatic self-regulating system, the quality of products made by this mass
43、-produced line has become higher and higher, and lower and lower in the productive cost.3. The mechanization, which was introduced with the Industrial Revolution, because it was limited to individual processes, required the employment of human labor to control each machine as well as to load and unload materials and transfer them from one place to another. 4. An automatic mechanism is a system which has a capacity for self-regulate without the need for human adjustment.5.This robot is fitted with the advanced intelligent control components.Topic Above Next Return End