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1、Unit 7 LathesContentslNew Words&ExpressionslText&TranslationlComplex Sentence AnalysislKey to ExercisesNew Words&Expressionsllathelein.车床vt.车床加工lenginelathe普通车床lbenchmodel台式车床ltracerorduplicatinglathe靠模车床或仿形车床ltemplatetemplitn.(切金属、石、木等用的)样板,模板,型板ltaperedteipd adj.锥形的lgroovegru:vn.沟，槽lcontourkntun.轮
2、廓；轮廓线lshaft:ftn.轴New Words&Expressionslcaraxleksln.汽车轴lturbinet:binn.汽轮机lturrett:rit n.转台；转塔ltailstockteilstkn.尾座，尾架laccessoryksesrin.附件，配件lprincipalprinspladj.主要的lscrewskru:n.螺丝，螺钉lcastingk:stin.铸件，铸造New Words&Expressionslforgingf:din.锻造；锻件lbarstock棒料lcolletklitn.夹头lattachmentttmntn.附件lspindlespind
3、ln.主轴lreversalriv:sln.反转；逆转lverticalv:tikladj.立式的；垂直的lmachinecenter加工中心Text&TranslationlLathesarewidelyusedinmanufacturingtoproduceagreatvarietyofmachineparts.Someareusedforgeneralpurposesandothersareusedtoperformspecializedoperations.l1.EngineLathesl1Enginelathes，ofcourse，aregeneralpurposemachinesu
4、sedinproductionandmaintenanceshopsallovertheworld.Sizesrangefromsmallbenchmodelstohugeheavydutypiecesofequipment.Manyofthelargerlathesareequippedwithauxiliarypartswhicharenotcommonlyavailableinordinaryshops，suchasautomaticstopsforthecarriage.Text&Translationl2.TracerorDuplicatingLatheslThetracerordu
5、plicatinglatheisdesignedtoproduceirregularlyshapedpartsautomatically.Thebasicoperationofthislatheisasfollows.Atemplateofeitheraflatorthreedimensionalshapeisplacedinaholder.Aguideorpointerthenmovesalongthisshapeanditsmovementcontrolsthatofthecuttingtool.Theduplicationmayincludeasquareortaperedshoulde
6、r，grooves，tapers，andcontours.Worksuchasmotorshafts，spindles，pistons，rods，caraxles，turbineshafts，andavarietyofotherobjectscanbeturnedbyusingthistypeoflathe.Text&Translationl3.TurretLatheslWhenmachiningacomplexworkpieceonageneralpurposelathe，agreatdealoftimewillbespentinchangingoradjustingthetoolsneed
7、ed.2Oneofthefirstadaptationsoftheenginelathewhichmadeitmoresuitabletomassproductionwastheadditionofmultitoolturretinplaceofthetailstock.Althoughmostturretshavesixstations，somehaveasmanyaseight.lHighproductionturretlathesareverycomplicatedwithmanypoweraccessories.Theprincipalfeatureofallturretlathes，
8、however，isthattheycanperformaconsecutiveserialofoperationsinpropersequence.Oncethetoolshavebeensetandadjusted，littleskillisrequiredtoturnoutduplicateparts.Text&Translationl4.AutomaticScrewMachinesl3Screwmachinesaresimilarinconstructiontoturretlathes，exceptthattheirheadsaredesignedtoholdandfeedlongba
9、rsofstock.Otherwise，thereislittledifferencebetweenthem.Botharedesignedformultipletooling，andbothhaveadaptationsforidenticalwork.4Originally，theturretlathewasdesignedasachuckinglatheformachiningsmallcastings，forgings，andirregularlyshapedworkpieces.Text&TranslationlThefirstscrewmachinesweredesignedtof
10、eedbarstockandwireusedinmakingsmallscrewparts.Atpresent，however，theturretlatheisfrequentlyusedwithacolletattachment，andtheautomaticscrewmachinecanbeequippedwithachucktoholdcastings.lThesinglespindleautomaticscrewmachine，asitsnameimplies，machinesworkononlyonebarofstockatatime.Abar16to20feetlongisfedt
11、hroughtheheadstockspindleandisheldfirmlybyacollet.Themachiningoperationsaredonebycuttingtoolsmountedontheturretandonthecrossslide.Whenthemachineisinoperation，thespindleandthestockarerotatedatselectedspeedsfordifferentoperations.Rapidreversalofspindledirectioncanalsobeachievedifnecessary.Text&Transla
12、tionlInthesinglespindleautomaticscrewmachine，aspecificlengthofstockisautomaticallyfedthroughthespindletoamachiningarea.Atthispoint，theturretandcrossslidemoveintopositionandautomaticallyperformwhateveroperationsarerequired.Afterthemachinedpieceiscutoff，stockisagainfedintothemachiningareaandtheentirec
13、ycleisrepeated.Text&Translationl5Multiplespindleautomaticscrewmachineshavefromfourtoeightspindleslocatedaroundaspindlecarrier.Longbarsofstock，supportedattherearofthemachine，passthroughthesehollowspindlesandaregrippedbycollets.Withthesinglespindlemachine，theturretindexesaroundthespindle.Whenonetoolon
14、theturretisworking，theothersarenot.Withamultiplespindlemachine，however，thespindleitselfindexes.Thusthebarsofstockarecarriedtothevariousendworkingandsideworkingtools.Eachtooloperatesinonlyoneposition，butalltoolsoperatesimultaneously.Consequently，fourtoeightworkpiecescanbemachinedatthesametime.Text&Tr
15、anslationl5.VerticalTurretLatheslAverticalturretlatheisbasicallyaturretlathethathasbeenstoodonitsheadstockend.Itisdesignedtoperformavarietyofturningoperations.Itismadeupofaturret，arevolvingtable，andasideheadwithasquareturretforholdingadditionaltools.Operationsperformedbyanyofthetoolsmountedontheturr
16、etorsideheadcanbecontrolledthroughtheuseofstops.Text&Translationl6.MachiningCenterslManysophisticatedlathesarenowcalledmachiningcentersbecausetheycanperformcertainmillinganddrillingoperationsinadditiontotheordinaryturningoperations.Basically，amachiningcenterisacombinationofaturretlatheandamillingmac
17、hine.Manufacturerssometimesaddadditionalfeaturestothemachiningcenterinordertoincreaseitsversatility.Text&Translationl车床在工业生产中被广泛用来加工各种类型的机械零件。一些车床是通用机床，而另一些车床则被用来完成某些专门工序的加工任务。l1.普通车床普通车床l普通车床是全世界的生产车间和维修车间里广泛使用的通用机床。它的尺寸范围很广，从小型的台式车床到巨大的重型车床。许多大型的车床配备在普通车间中通常看不到的附件，例如，溜板的自动挡块。Text&Translationl2.靠模车
18、床或仿形车床靠模车床或仿形车床l靠模车床或仿形车床被设计用来对形状不规则的零件进行自动加工。这种车床的基本操作如下：在加持装置上安装平面或立体形状的样板，然后，导向触头或指针沿着它的外形移动，从而控制切削刀具的运动。仿形加工可以包括方形或锥形轴肩、各种槽、椎体和轮廓。像电动机的轴、主轴、活塞、杆件、汽车轴、汽轮机轴和其他很多种类的工件都可以采用这种车床来进行切削加工。Text&Translationl3.转塔车床转塔车床l在通用车床上加工一个复杂的工件时，在更换和调整加工时所用的一些刀具上要花费很多时间。对普通车床的早期改装工作之一是增加一个可以安装多把刀具的转塔来代替尾架，使它能够更好地适应
19、大批量生产的需要。虽然大多数转塔有六个工位，但有些转塔有八个工位。l高生产率的转塔车床是装有许多动力附件的非常复杂的机器。然而，所有转塔车床的主要特点是刀具能按适当顺序完成一系列的加工工序。一旦这些刀具被安装调整好后，只需要很低的技术就可车削加工很多相同的零件。Text&Translationl4.自动螺丝车床自动螺丝车床l螺丝车床在结构上与转塔车床类似，不同之处是螺丝车床的主轴头部能被设计成用来夹持和送进长棒料。除此之外，它们之间几乎没有什么差别。这两种车床都用于多刀具切削，都适合加工同样的工件。最初，为转塔车床设计的用途和卡盘车床的用途一样，也是用来加工小型铸件、锻件和形状不规则的零件。l
20、早期的螺丝车床通过棒料和线材的送进，制造小的螺丝零件。时至今日，转塔车床上经常使用夹头附件，而自动螺丝车床上则可通过安装卡盘用来夹持铸件。Text&Translationl单轴自动螺丝车床，顾名思义，一次只能加工一根棒料。一根16至20英尺（488610cm）长的棒料可以通过主轴箱中的主轴孔送进，并用夹头将其加紧。机械加工工序是由装在转塔和横刀架上的刀具完成的。当机床工作时，主轴和棒料按照为每道工序所选择的转速旋转。如果需要时也可以使主轴快速反转。l在单轴自动螺丝车床上，棒料的一段规定好的长度穿过主轴自动送到加工区。在这里，转塔和横向刀架进入加工位置并自动完成所需的任何加工工作。当加工好的零件
21、被切断后，棒料再次被送入加工区，并重复整个循环。Text&Translationl多轴自动螺丝车床在主轴鼓周围装有48根主轴。在机床尾部支撑着的长棒料穿过这些空心的主轴，其他的刀具不工作。然而，在多轴自动车床上，主轴自己转位。因此，几根棒料被转位到各个不同的端面加工和侧面加工的刀具位置处。每把刀具仅在一个位置工作，但是所有的刀具都能同时工作。因此，能够在同一时间内加工48个工件。Text&Translationl5.立式转塔车床立式转塔车床l立式转塔车床基本上就是将其从床头箱一端向下而竖立起来的一台转塔车床。它被设计用来完成各种的切削工作。它由一个转塔，一个旋转工作台和一个侧面溜板组成的。在侧
22、面溜板上装有可以再安装几把刀具的正方形刀架。由安装在转塔或侧面溜板上的任何刀具完成的加工工序都可通过使用挡块来加以控制。Text&Translationl6.加工中心加工中心l当前，许多技术更为先进的车床叫做加工中心。因为，它们除了完成常规的车削工作之外，还可以完成某些铣削、钻削工作。加工中心基本上可以认为是转塔车床和铣床的组合体。有时，制造厂商为了增加机床的多用性，还会增加一些其他的性能。Complex Sentence Analysisl1Enginelathes,ofcourse,aregeneral-purposemachinesusedinproductionandmaintenan
23、ceshopsallovertheworld.普通车床是全世界的生产车间和维修车间里广泛使用的通用机床。lgeneral-purpose：多方面的，多用途的lmaintenanceshops：维修车间Complex Sentence Analysisl2Oneofthefirstadaptationsoftheenginelathewhichmadeitmoresuitabletomassproductionwastheadditionofmulti-toolturretinplaceofthetailstock.对普通车床的早期改装工作之一是增加一个可以安装多把刀具的转塔来代替尾座，使它能够
24、更好地适应大批量生产的需要。lfirstadaptations：早期改装工作linplaceof：代替，而不是Complex Sentence Analysisl3Screwmachinesaresimilarinconstructiontoturretlathes,exceptthattheirheadsaredesignedtoholdandfeedlongbarsofstock.螺纹车床在结构上与转塔车床类似，不同之处是螺丝车床的主轴头部能被设计用来夹持和送进长棒料。linconstruction：介词短语，表示“在结构上”。lexcept在此为介词，其后接的是由that引导的宾语从句，
25、barofstock和barstock都指棒料。Complex Sentence Analysisl4Originally,theturretlathewasdesignedasachuckinglatheformachiningsmallcastings,forgings,andirregularlyshapedworkpieces.最初，为转塔车床设计的用途和卡盘车床的用途一样，也是用来加工小型铸件、锻件和形状不规则的零件。lchuckinglathe：卡盘车床，指床身较短，无尾座的卧式车床。lmachine：此处为动词，意为：用机器做，加工。Complex Sentence Analys
26、isl5Multiple-spindleautomaticscrewmachineshavefromfourtoeightspindleslocatedaroundaspindlecarrier.多轴自动螺丝车床在主轴鼓周围装有4到8根主轴。lspindlecarrier：主轴鼓，指内装若干根主轴，并能转位、定位的鼓轮部件。Key to ExerciseslI.Translationl普通车床l2.maintenanceshopl3.自动挡块l4.duplicatinglathesl5.转塔车床lpoweraccessoryl7.自动螺丝车床l8.chuckinglathel9.夹头附件l10
27、.sideheadKey to ExerciseslII.True or Falsel1.Fl2.Fl3.Fl4.Tl5.TKey to ExerciseslIII.Blank Fillinglautomaticallyl2.machiningareal3.spindlecarrierl4.barsofstockl5.sideworkingtoolsl6.simultaneouslyKey to ExerciseslIV.Chinese to EnglishlManyofthelargerlathescomeequippedwithattachmentsnotcommonlyfoundintheordinaryshoplWhenmachiningacomplexworkpieceonageneral-purposelathelmachiningsmallcastings,forgingslperformavarietyofturningoperationslincreasetheversatilityoftheirmachineslTheend!