高中英语知识结构及基本句型.doc

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1、教学设计方案 教师姓名 学生姓名所在学校广益中学学管老师辅导学科英语学生年级教材版本译林版课题名称知识结构及基本句型课时计划填写时间上课时间教学重点英语知识架构说明;句子成分与基本句型教学难点形成整体知识架构;句子成分理解;基本句型运用进入高三阶段,对于单词/搭配/句型,要学会“横向对比”与“纵向分析”横向:近义词以及形近词的区分,同义转换纵向:同一个词根的不同形式的“派生词” 词的搭配,尤其是动词后面的 副词及介词 搭配 常用词的 活用 或者特殊用法第二部分:句子成分 (一)句子成分的定义:构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分;主要成分有主语和谓语;次要成分有表语、宾

2、语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。英汉句子成分的区别比较:主谓宾: 汉语:顺序和英语基本一样 英语:顺序和汉语基本一样,但英语中的谓语有“时态”和“人称”以及“语态”变化,由动词的变化来体现。定语:修饰名词的成分汉语:一定在名词前英语:“一个个放前面,一串串放后面”His rapid progress in English surprised all of us.a sleeping baby; a baby sleeping in the bedroom后置定语The house being built will be our new teaching building.状语:修饰动词、形容词

3、、副词、各种短语 汉语:动前为状动后补 : 他飞快地朝我跑了过来。 英语:状语一般放句末(地点+方式+时间),偶尔放句首(时间居多),放句中动词附近很特殊 He comes to the school on foot every day.补语: 汉语:动词后,补充说明动作(结果/影响等) 英语:一般是“宾补”,补充说明宾语,一定放宾语的后面 I saw him come into the classroom.表语: 汉语:无此说法,更多时候理解为宾语 英语:放在be( am/is/are,seem, appear;look/sound/taste; grow/turn/go/come) 等“系

4、动词”后,表明主语的特点/身份等。 go unpunished 很多时候汉语中表明主语情况的内容和主语之间没有动词,而英语中的句子一定要有谓语,而谓语一定是动词。This picture is very beautiful. He is 17 years old. _ good, the food was sold out. _ good, you should put more salt.A. To taste B. Tasting C. Tasted D. Having tasted同位语: 汉语:无此说法,一般理解为“同义指代”: 雷锋是一个。的人,一个。的人,一个。的人。 英语:用逗号

5、隔开(代词例外,如each),放在一个名词后的名词(或代词),补充说明该名词的身份或特点。 Beijing, the capital of China , is a beautiful city. My best friend, Tom, came to see me yesterday. We each have a dictionary. Each of us has a dictionary. He is a kind but strict father, one who the children respect but are afraid of. The news that he t

6、old me surprised me.The news that we lost the game surprised me.名词性从句:“三个来源充当四种成分”1. 陈述句: that2. 一般疑问句、选择疑问句:whether, if(宾从)3. 特殊疑问句:疑问词(二)主语:主语是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不疑问词时)和倒装句中,主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如:During the 1990s, American country music has be

7、come more and more popular.(名词)We often speak English in class.(代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure.(不定式)Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)The rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been de

8、cided.(主语从句)It is necessary to master a foreign language.(it作形式主语,真正的主语为后面的不定式)prefer + to do + (rather) than doprefer + doing + to doing; prefer A to B“意群”(三)谓语:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:1、简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。如:He practices running every morning.2、复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。如:You

9、 may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. (2)由系动词加表语构成。如:We are students.动词形式: do, did, done, doing, does , to do 动词原形, 过去式, 过去分词, 现在分词/动名词, 三单, 不定式 非谓语动词可以和“助动词”结合,构成谓语,但不能单独作谓语 be + done be + doing be +to do have/has/had + done(四)表语:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, lo

10、ok, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。例如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)Is it yours?(代词)The weather has turned cold.(形容词)The speech is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)His job is to teach English.(不定式)His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)The

11、 machine must be out of order.(介词短语)Time is up. The class is over.(副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)(五)宾语:宾语表示动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如:They went to see an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词)How many dictionaries do you have?

12、 I have five.(数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)He pretended not to see me.(不定式短语)I enjoy listening to popular music.(动名词短语)I think(that)he is fit for his office.(宾语从句)宾语种类:(1)双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语),例如:Lend me your dictionary, please.(2)复合宾语(宾语+宾补),例如:They elected him their monit

13、or.(六)宾语补足语:英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如make等+宾语+宾补)。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如: I saw him come in. He was seen to come in.能够加“动词原形”做“宾补”的动词有: 五看三使两听一感觉(我看三室两厅一感觉)5看:look at, see, watch, notice注意到, observe(仔细)观察 see + sb + do 看见某人做了某事(全过程) sb + be seen + to

14、 do see + sb + doing看见某人正在。(过程之中)see + sb + done 看见某人被。The lost boy was last seen _ by the river. A. to play B. play C. playing D. played3使役动词:let, have, make have/make + sb + do; sb + be made + to do have/make + sb + doing 使/让一直做/不断的做。 have/make + sb + done 使/让被。 常见考查形式:make oneself + understood/he

15、ard have + sth+ done (1)找人(帮主语)做某事 (2)主语的某物被。;主语的。遭受(不好的事) My purse was lost/stolen on the bus yesterday. I had my purse lost/stolen on the bus yesterday. The park had many trees destroyed in the storm. The boy had his left leg broken when he fell off the tree.2听:listen to, hear1感觉:feelHis father na

16、med him Dongming.(名词)They painted their boat white.(形容词)I find the movie interesting. I think that the movie is interesting.Let the fresh air in.(副词)You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)We will soon

17、 make our city what your city is now.(从句)(七)定语:修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。定语可由以下等成分表示:Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)China is a developing country; America is a developed country.(分词) There are thirty women teachers in our school.(名词)His rapid progress in English made us surprised.(代词) copy control; Our m

18、onitor is always the first to enter the classroom.(不定式短语) escape逃跑,脱离 ; control控制The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)He is reading an article about how to learn English.(介词短语)(八)状语:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。可由以下形式表示:Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in

19、 the city for ten years.(介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)Wait a minute.(名词)Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didnt go to the dance party beca

20、use of the rain.(原因状语)I shall go there if it doesnt rain.(条件状语)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)the ground floorShe put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired

21、 that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语)练习一一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分:1. The students got on the school bus.2. He handed me the newspaper.3. I shall answer your question after class.4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!5. They went hun

22、ting together early in the morning.6. His job is to train swimmers. worry about, be worried about7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.8. There is going to be an American film tonight.9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.10. His wish is to become a scientist.11. He managed to finish th

23、e work in time.12. Tom came to ask me for advice.13. He found it important to master English.14. Do you have anything else to say?15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.16. Would you please tell me your address?17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.18. It is our duty to keep our classro

24、om clean and tidy.19. He noticed a man enter the room.20. The apples tasted sweet.第三部分: 句子种类预备知识:句子的定义与基本句型第一节 句子的定义“Sentence”可以译为“句子、文句”或“一句话”。现在请先判断下列各题哪些是句子,哪些不是句子。1The teacher in the classroom.2Sang many songs and danced happily.3She helps on the farm.4Many people living in the country.5All the

25、books on the desk over there.各位在判断上列各题是不是句子时是依据什么?如果你的判断是依据各题是否含有主语和谓语,那就对了。定义 A sentence names something and then tells about it. The part that names something is called the complete subject. The part that tells about the subject is called the complete predicate. -Language for Daily Use(美国小学文法教科书)(

26、句子是在提指某事或物并说明它。提指某事或物的部分称为主语部分,说明主语部分的部分称为谓语部分。)依据定义,句子可用句式简明地表示如下:“Subject”通常译为“主语”;“Predicate”译为“谓语”。“Complete subject”可译为“主语部分”,是指“主语+修饰语”;“Complete predicate”则可译为“谓语部分”,是指“谓语动词、修饰语、补语、宾语等”。主语和谓语是句子成立的充分且必要的条件,两者缺一不可。了解了句子的定义之后再回头看前面所提出的五个问题,只有问题3能满足句子成立的条件,所以其余四题皆不是句子。请再参考下面的例句:解说 例1“Flowers blo

27、om. (花开。)”虽只有两个词,但是已满足句子成立的条件,所以是句子。例句2的句子结构的基本条件与例句1相同,但是谓语动词却增加了“in the gardens”的副词短语在修饰它。例句3的句子结构的基本条件也与例句1相同,但是主语部分的“flowers”却带有修饰语“many beautiful”,谓语动词“bloom”则带有两个副词短语“in the gardens”和“in spring”在修饰它。由例3我们可以清楚地了解“Many beautiful flowers”就是Complete subject,但是一般的学校文法上所称的“Subject(主语)”却只指“flowers”。在

28、谓语部分这边,“bloom in the gardens in spring”就是Complete predicate,然而学校文法上所指之“Predicate(谓语)”通常都是在指“Predicate verb(谓语动词)”。例48的黑体字就是主语,斜体字就是谓语动词。例8是命令句,其主语“You”通常省略。句子的成立在书写上应注意:句首的第一个字母必须大写。例:Dogs are our faithful friends. (狗是我们的忠实朋友。)句子的句末必须使用句号“(陈述句)”,问号“?(疑问句)”,或感叹号“!(感叹号)”来表示句意的完整结束。例如:例:Lions and tiger

29、s are fierce animals(狮和虎都是猛兽。)例:Do you like to have a cup of coffee?(你要喝一杯咖啡吗?)例:How cruel he is !(他这个人多么地残忍!)Drilling Square请把下列各题作为句子的主语部分,补上谓语部分成为完整的句子。1Bill and Tom2My mother3The book in my hand4The flowers on your desk5Most students in my class请把下列各题作为句子的谓语部分,补上主语部分成为完整的句子。1_ gets up very early

30、 every morning.2_ is the best student in my class.3_ runs faster than I.4 Does _ play the piano very well?5_ drink a lot of water in summer.第二节 句子的种类概说1.按使用目的,句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。1)陈述句(Declarative Sentences):说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如: Light travels faster than sound.光比声传播速度快。(说明事实) The film is rather boring

31、.这部电影很乏味。(说明看法)2)疑问句(Interrogative Sentences):提出问题。有以下四种: a. 一般疑问句(General Questions): Can you finish the work in time? 你能按时完成工作吗? b. 特殊疑问句(Wh-Questions): Where do you live?你住那儿? c. 选择疑问句(Alternative Questions): Do you want tea or coffee? 你是要茶还是要咖啡? d. 反意疑问句(Tag-Questions): He doesnt know her, does

32、he? 他不认识她,对不对?3)祈使句(Imperative Sentences):提出请求,建议或发出命令。例如: Dont be nervous!别紧张!4)感叹句(Exclamatory Sentences):表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等情绪。例如: What good news it is!多好的消息啊!2.句子按其结构可以分为以下三类:1)简单句(Simple Sentences):只包含一个主谓结构句子叫简单句。例如:She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。2)并列句(Compound Sentences):包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子叫

33、并列句,句与句之间通常用并列连词或分号来连接。例如: The food was good, but he had little appetite. 食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口。3)复合句(Complex Sentences):包含一个主句和一个或几个从句的句子叫复合句,从句由从属连词引导。例如: The film had begun when we got to the cinema. 我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了。第三节 基本句型英语的句子在结构上可以归纳为五个基本句型。英语中千变万化的句子归根结底都是由以下五种基本句型组合、扩展、变化而来的:A 第一基本句型SPViM1.Itis

34、 raining.2.My elder brotherstudiesvery hard.3.Iget upat 6:00 every morning.4.The sunrisesandsetsin the eastin the west.5.Bill and Jimstudy and playtogether every day.【例译】1正在下着雨。2我的哥哥很用功。3我每天早晨六点钟起床。4日出于东而没于西。5比尔和吉姆每天都一起读书一起玩。解说:各例句的黑体字是主语,斜体字是谓语动词。主语通常是一个,但是也可以如例5有两个,甚至两个以上都可以成立。谓语动词也是一个较为普通,但是也可以如例

35、4,5有两上,甚至更多也能成立。本句型的Vi属于完全不及物动词(Complete intransitive verb)注:“There + be(Vi ) + S”也是属于第一基本句型。例如:例:There is an alarm clock on her desk.(她的书桌上有一个闹钟。)例:There stands a tower on the hill.(小山上耸立着一座塔。)B第二基本句型SPVi.SC/ M1.My nameis Tom.2.John and Maryareclassmates.3.youAreready?4.All the questionsarenot easy

36、 to answer.5.The roseslook andsmellvery beautifulandvery sweet, too.【例译】1我的名字是汤姆。2约翰和玛丽是同班同学。3你准备好了吗?4所有的问题都不容易回答。5你的梦想一定能实现的。6这些玫瑰花看起来很美,闻起来也很香。解说:各例句的黑体字是主语,斜体字是谓语动词,字底加线的是主语补语。什么是主语补语?请观察:My name is(我的名字是)These roses look(这些玫瑰花看起来)上面两例虽各有可作主语的名词“name”和“roses”,也有谓语动词“is”和“look”,但是句意不清楚,无法表达完整的句意,所

37、以不是句子。现在若在例1之后加“Tom”,例2之后加“very beautiful”,那么句意就完整地表达出来了。像这样,一个词(通常是npron或adj)在谓语部分里补充说明主语者就叫做主语补语。主语补语通常是一个,但是依表达的需要也可以有两个(如例6),或更多。谓语动词需要取主语补语才能把句意表达完整者叫做不完全不及物动词(Incomplete intransitive verb)。注:下列常见“It”句式也是属于第二基本句型。1It + be + adj. /n .+ to do(不定式)例:It is nice to see you again.(能再和你见面真好。)例:It is y

38、our duty to take care of your mother.(照顾你的妈妈是你的责任。)2It + be +adj. +for +O + to do(不定式)例:It is easy for us to learn to speak English.(学习说英语对我们来说是容易的。)C. 第三基本句型SPVt.O/ M1.Weare studyingsentence patterns now.2.Helendoesher homework very carefully.3.youDid seehim yesterday?4.Mr. Lin, our English teacher

39、,speaksboth English and Japanese.5.Most childrenenjoysreading stories.【例译】1现在我们正在学习句型。2海伦做家庭作业很小心。3昨天你看到他了吗?4我们的英语老师林先生会说英语和日语。5大部分的小孩都爱读故事。解说:各例句的黑体字是主语,斜体字是谓语动词,字底加线的是直接宾语。直接宾语(请参阅L-3,第3节,D,注)通常以名词、代词(宾格)为多,其他如不定式、动名词(如例5)、或名词从句等也可用。直接宾语也可以取两个(如例4),或两个以上。谓语动词取了直接宾语就能表达完整的句意者叫做完全及物动词(Complete trans

40、itive verb)。D第四基本句型SPVt.I.O./ MD.O./M1.Her unclegaveHERa nice present yesterday.2.(you)GiveUSsomething to eat, please.3.The teachertellsthe BOYSinteresting stories.4.His fatherboughtHIMa new watch last night.5.Bill, my American friend,wroteMEa letter a few days ago.【例译】1她的伯父昨天给了她一件很好的礼物。2请给我们一些吃的东西。

41、3这位老师常给这些男、女生讲有趣的故事。4她的父亲上星期买了一只新的手表给他。5我的美国朋友比尔在几天前写了一封信给我。解说:本句型的谓语动词所发出的动作有两个对象,一为“人或动物等”,称为间接宾语,另一为“物或事”,称为直接宾语。本句型也可以把“D.O.”置于“I.O.”之前表达如下:Her uncle gave a nice present to HER yesterday.His father bought a new watch for HIM last week.如上例所示,本句型即变为:至此我们可以明白,间接宾语实际上是介词的宾语,不过因为它间接地也是谓语动词所发出的动作的对象,所

42、以称为间接宾语。能带间接宾语和直接宾语的谓语动词叫做授与动词(Dative verb)。本句式在语序上以“I.O.+D.O.”较普通,尤其是“I.O.”为简短的一个名词或代词时,无论是对话或书面语,通常都使用“I.O.+D.O.”。所以通常应该说:Give the BOY something to eat.(给那男孩吃的东西。)Make ME a cup of hot coffee, please.(请泡一杯热咖啡给我。)而避免说:Give something to eat to the BOY.Make a cup of hot coffee for ME, please.“I.O.”置于“

43、D.O.”之后时,介词或用“to”,或用“for”,通常都是由Vt来决定,因此在学习过程中请随时注意。E第五基本句型SPVt.O./ MO.C./M1.They allcallhimLITTLE FATTY.2.Hemadehis old mothervery HAPPY.3.The teacher(always) wantsusTO SIT correctly.4.youCanmakethe carMOVE?【例译】1他们都叫他“小胖”。2他使他的年老的母亲很快乐。3老师经常都要我们坐得端正。4你有办法发动这部汽车吗?解说:本句型的“O.C.”是宾语补语。那么什么是宾语补语?请观察例2如下的说明:He made his old mother(他使得他的年老的母亲)这个词群虽有主语、谓语动词和宾语,完全符合第三基本句型的条件,可是这个词群并没有表达完整的句意,所以不是句子。如果在这个词群的宾语之后再加“very HAPPY”(如例2),那么句意就完整清楚了。在这句里谁是“very

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