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1、外文参考资料原文：Regression Analysis on Invisible Demand of Insurance ProductsZhou Yunfeng 1, 2Abstract: In the context of in-depth study on invisible demand, this paper describes different results of domestic and foreign scholars in invisible demand in views of the relevant researches. From three perspecti
2、ves this paper qualitatively analyzes the difference between insurance products and tangible products, highlighting the intangible nature of insurance products. Through the correlation analysis and regression analysis on insurance products and income, consumption, we found that rising income leads t
3、o the constant consumption of insurance products, namely a certain income reaches to avoid risks stronger. So it is an important task to develop new insurance products to meet the continuous needs of the people based on invisible demand.Keywords: insurance products; invisible demand; regression anal
4、ysis; correlation analysis1 IntroductionMany insurance companies realize that customer often fail to express their demands clearly. The invisible demand research of Chinese scholars were scattered in different areas of research and documentation, and the paper gradually has formed a relatively area
5、of study and research context in current. Wang Baoxin (2003) believed that there is a large number of the invisible demand for the customer except the profiling demand. Especially the invisible demand of the custom is more potential, so it has ability to pay and impulsivity shopping belongs to invis
6、ible demand or semi-invisible demand. Luo Yongtai (2006) put forward the product based on the depth of the development, which will help enterprises take full advantage of consumer invisible resources demand. The variation and evolution of the invisible demand research of foreign scholars is understa
7、nding earlier, Keith Goffin Fred Lemke (2005) believed that sometimes customers do not comprehend what their demands, that is, consumers or users only have not directly cognizant for their demands. Because these requirements are the awareness level, users can not clearly express these demands. Adria
8、n Slywotzky, Richard Wise, Karl Weber (2005) proposed the origin of innovation was grasping the invisible demand of customer. Enterprises must understand the existing product and service related field which customers spend more time and money, and “demand innovation” creates new profits. From the ab
9、ove Literatures, we can see that there are many scholars to research on the invisible demand based on not quantitative analysis of combined data but the theoretical analysis mostly. Therefore, this article aims to use combination methods of qualitative and quantitative to of study invisible demand f
10、or insurance products.2 The Difference Comparison on Insurance Products and Tangible Products2.1 Greater flexibility in product qualityTangible products can be mass-produced by the labor. The different production materials, different production process, different production technologies level can le
11、ad to differences in product quality. After all, there is a measure standard for tangible products. The same kinds of product can also be used to compared and identified. Whether the insurance product is a good or not can be difficult to measure by its service quality.2.2 The ambiguity of former pro
12、ducts consumptionPeople buy products before we can do a certain understanding such as debugging, touch, some manufacturers also sell a number of days to make the promise of a trial, so that the consumer product has a clearer understanding in order to help to make the final purchase decision, so that
13、 consumers have a clearer understanding for products which help people to make purchase decisions. Although people have an understanding for the insurance products before buying, the consumer can not touch it but see its appearance. Therefore, there may be lots of ambiguity before making decisions.2
14、.3 The synchronization process of production and consumptionTangible products have the production, storage, transportation, sales and so on. This process has the production behavior for manufacturers, transport, storage behavior and the sale behavior for businesses, thus expanding the product contac
15、t surface and the sphere of influence. Insurance products a service process which are offered by the seller to the buyer, the production process is the consumption process. The synchronization of the two limits the sphere insurance products. The scale and geographical scope of the insurance products
16、 have limitations in the competition.In the purchase of tangible products, the ownership has transferred. After the purchase, consumers can transfer the product to others and if consumers are not satisfied with the event and can also be changed back. The transfer of ownership rights does not occur i
17、n the purchase of insurance products in and the transfer rights will no longer go out. It will be difficult to change if the consumer is not satisfied with the products.3 The Quantitative Analysis of Invisible Demand of Insurance Products With the level of personal incomes rising, peoples consumptio
18、n is also rising. In the past, people only focused on the food issue and clothing well-being, and now constant pursuit the spiritual demand, then which led the development of related services. The insurance industry is a kind of essential demand and the demand is also constant to increase. It is dif
19、ferent from ordinary products, after the payment you buy a stable psychological and a kind of risk.3.1 Data selectionWe mainly research the invisible demand of insurance products in this paper. Because the invisible demand is difficult to measure in practice and profiling demand is shift from invisi
20、ble demand, we selected profiling demand to replace invisible demand. In this paper, we select the retail price index (RETAIL), per capita disposable income (INCOME) as the consumption and income level of people and select premium income (BAOFEI) as the insurance consumption for consumers. These thr
21、ee indicators are based 1978 = 100 as the base period index. According to the National Bureau of Statistics website, we get the data interval time which is 1985, 1990, from 1993 to 2007. The data are as follows:Table1. Data indicators from 1985 to 200YearBAOFEIINCOMERETAIL1985192.3160.4128.119901200
22、.0198.1207.719933507.7255.1254.919942892.3276.8310.219953484.6290.3356.119964138.5301.6377.819975938.5311.9380.819989661.5329.9370.9199910815.4360.6359.8200012292.3383.7354.4200116223.1416.3351.6200223492.3472.1347200329846.2514.6346.7200433215.4554.2356.4200537938.5607.4359.3200643384.6670.7362.920
23、0754123.1752.3376.73.2 Correlation analysisUsing EViews3.1 software according to the data in Table 1, we process the correlation analysis for the level of premiums respectively, consumption and income (INCOME). The results are as follows: Table2. The related degree among indicators CORRBAOFEIINCOMER
24、ETAILBAOFEI1.00000.98640.4566INCOME0.98641.00000.5858RETAIL0.45660.58581.0000From Table 2 we find that the relevant degree of the premium income and per capita disposable income is 0.9864, while the related level of the consumption level and per capita disposable income is 0.5858; this shows that wi
25、th the income levels rising, people tend to keep consumption of insurance products, while consumption of other products do not increase greatly. This is mainly because the income higher, the risk awareness stronger and the insurance products consume more.3.3 Regression analysisPremium income as the
26、interpreted variable, personal income levels, the retail price index as explanatory variables for regression, the regression results are as follows: Table3. The regression model of premium levelDependent Variable: BAOFEIMethod: Least SquaresDate: 06/17/09 Time: 10:48Sample(adjusted): 1991 2007Includ
27、ed observations: 17 after adjusting endpointsVariableCoefficientStd. Errort-StatisticProb. INCOME108.84072.22353348.949430.0000RETAIL-44.737935.418658-8.2562760.0000C-11957.341484.072-8.0571150.0000R-squared0.995402 Mean dependent var17196.84Adjusted R-squared0.994745 S.D. dependent var16734.44S.E.
28、of regression1213.076 Akaike info criterion17.19849Sum squared resid20601735 Schwarz criterion17.34553Log likelihood-143.1872 F-statistic1515.428Durbin-Watson stat1.423726 Prob(F-statistic)0.000000Table4. Autocorrelation testBreusch-Godfrey Serial Correlation LM Test:F-statistic3.995125Probability0.
29、056793Obs*R-squared6.795025Probability0.078456Table5. White testWhite Heteroskedasticity Test:F-statistic0.202972Probability0.931873Obs*R-squared1.077287Probability0.897859According to the P value from Table 3, we can see that the estimated values of coefficients of explanatory variables are signifi
30、cantly non-zero (95% confidence level). By the adjusting goodness-of-fit is 0.99 which shows that premium indicators have been to explain the extent of 99%. The result is relatively excellent. From Table 4 and Table 5, P value is shown in the conditions of 95 percents confidence level, the model has
31、 not heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. So we draw with the regression relationship of premium, income and the consumption level. The formula is as follows: （1）From the formula (1) we can see that the level of personal income increases one unit, the premium level increases 108.84 units, which f
32、ully reflects when people reach a certain income level, people dislike risk. The more risk-averse insured, he hopes to pay higher insurance premiums. We purchase the insurance to avoid unnecessary risks and increase the security sense. The relation is negative between the consumption level and insur
33、ance products. The consumer price index increases one unit, the premium level decreases 44.74 units, which shows that in some cases revenue, increasing consumption of insurance is bound to reduce consumption of other products. The above model studied the consumption of insurance products needs throu
34、gh profiling demand, but profiling demand is conversed by invisible demand, which means profiling consume greater, the invisible demand of insurance products consume greater.It should be noted that our model is built on the small samples. Because of limited data, the model does not fully reflect the
35、 reality. The invisible demand of insurance products is difficult to directly quantify, so the model needs further improvement.4 The Depth Development of Insurance Products Based on the Invisible Demand4.1 The innovation mechanism of making invisible demand into the productIn the process of invisibl
36、e demand transforming to profile demand, we can use the function of product to subdivide different demands for customs and develop a series of product features. The ultimate goal of insurance product development is to meet the demand of customer. It is clear that multi-functional products meet the d
37、iverse demands is beneficial for both producer and consumer. We must consider a variety of invisible demand elements, select features to meet different individual demand, and translate them into new products. When the product innovation meets customer demand for the time being, with the popularity o
38、f such products and enhancements of product functionality of customer awareness, customers have recreated a new invisible requirement, which prompts a new round of insurance product development of production enterprises.4.2 The new product development based on the demand selectionMost of invisible d
39、emand has not been exploited for service, so carrying out this property will make customers surprised extremely. But new products exploitation is also difficulty and there are potential risks of new products exploitation. Therefore, the insurance companies must also take fully into the risk of selec
40、tion of insurance product development. In the new product development process, we do not only pay attention to customer changing demands, but also to the characteristics of rival products, and adjust the development strategy at any time on the above characteristics.References1 Wang Baoxin, Consumer
41、demand identify and marketing strategic choice J, Market Weekly, 2003, 12, P32-33(Ch).2 Luo Yongtai, The definition of invisible demand and the demand analysis J, Nankai Business Review, 2006, 3, P6(Ch).3 Sun Ping, Initial Theory of Intangible products market J, China Industrial Economy, 1999, 12(Ch
42、).4 Pu Guohua, The advent of the knowledge should pay attention to the invisible products statistics J, Statistical Research, 1999, 1(Ch).5 Zhang Xiaotong. Basis of econometric M. Tianjin: Nankai University Press, 2005.译文：回归分析在无形的保险产品的需求摘要:在无形的需求的背景下,深入研究,阐述了不同的结果国内和外国学者的隐形需求相关研究的观点。本文从三个角度定性分析了不同保险
43、产品和有形产品,显示出无形的保险产品的性质。通过相关分析和回归分析对保险产品和收入,消费,我们发现收入导致保险产品的不断消耗,即某一收入达到避免风险更强。所以它是一项重要的任务来开发新的保险产品,以满足人民不断需要基于无形的需求。 关键词:保险产品,无形的需求;回归分析;相关分析 1引言很多保险公司意识到,客户常常无法清楚地表达他们的要求。无形的需求研究的中国学者都分散在不同的研究领域和文档,并逐渐形成了一个相对的研究领域和研究在当前上下文。王宝新(2003)认为,有大量客户的无形需求除了分析需求。特别是无形的需求自定义更多的潜力,所以它有支付能力和冲动性购物属于无形的需求或无形需求。罗永泰(
44、2006)提出了基于产品的深度开发,这将帮助企业充分利用消费者的无形的资源需求。看不见的需求的变异和演化研究外国学者的理解之前,基思戈氏弗雷德Lemke(2005)认为,有时客户不理解他们的要求,也就是说,消费者或用户唯一没有直接认识到他们的要求。因为这些要求是意识层面,用户可以没有明确地表达这些需求。阿德里安斯莱沃斯基,Richard明智,卡尔韦伯(2005)提出创新是把握的起源看不见的客户的需求。企业必须明白现有产品和服务相关领域客户花更多的时间和金钱,而“需求创新”带来了新的利润。从上面的文献中,我们可以看到,有许多学者研究无形的需求而不是定量分析的基础上结合数据但主要理论分析。因此,本
45、文旨在使用结合定性和定量的研究方法看不见对保险产品的需求。2 对保险产品和有形产品的区别比较 2.1 产品质量的更大的灵活性劳动有形产品可以批量生产。不同的生产材料,不同的必须过程,不同的生产技术水平会导致产品质量的差异。毕竟,有一个衡量标准为有形产品。相同种类的产品也可以用来比较和识别。是否保险产品是一个很好的很难衡量服务质量。2.2 前产品消费的歧义人们购买产品之前我们可以做某种不理解调试等接触,一些制造业也出售一些天庭审的承诺,以便消费者产品有更清晰的理解,以帮助做出最终购买决定,这样消费者有更清晰的了解产品,帮助人们做出购买决定。尽管人们了解保险产品在购买之前,消费者不能碰它,但看到它
46、的外观。因此,做决定之前可能会有大量的歧义。 2.3同步过程的生产和消费有形产品的生产、储存、运输、销售等。这个过程对制造商生产行为,运输、储存和销售行为对企业的行为,因而扩大产品接触表面和势力范围。保险产品服务过程由卖方提供给买方的生产过程是消费的过程。同步的两个极限范围保险产品。保险产品的规模和地理范围有限制竞争。在有形产品的购买,所有权转移。购买后,消费者可以将产品转移到他人,如果消费者不满意的事件,也可以改变。所有权的转移并不发生在保险产品的购买和转让权利将不再出去。它将很难改变,如果消费者不满意的产品。 3看不见的保险产品的需求的定量分析随着个人收入水平上升,人们的消费也在不断上升。
47、在过去,人们只有在食品问题上fo-cused和服装幸福,现在不断追求精神上的需求,然后导致相关服务的发展。保险行业是一种必要的需求和需求也不断增加。它不同于普通的产品,付款之后,你买一个稳定的心理和一种风险。3.1数据选择我们主要研究有关产品的无形的需求。因为看不见的de-mand是在实践中难以衡量和分析需求从无形的需求,我们选择pro-filing需求取代无形的需求。在本文中,我们选择零售价格指数(零售),人均可支配收入(收入),人们的消费和收入水平并选择保费收入(BAOFEI)保险消费者的消费。这三个指标是基于1978 = 100作为基期指数。据国家统计局Statis-tics网站,我们得到的数据间隔时间是1985年,1990年,从1993年到2007年。数据如下:表1 从1985年到2007年的数据指标 YearBAOFEIINCOMERETAIL1985192.3160.4128.119901200.0198.1207.719933507.7255.1254.919942892.3276.8310.219953484.6290.3356.119964138.5301.6377.819975938.5311.9380.819989661.5329.9370.9199910815.4360.6359.820