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1、2014年中考英语常见考点：主谓一致 2014年中考英语常见考点：主动语态和被动语态2014年中考英语常见考点：阅读理解2014年中考英语常见考点：原因状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：虚拟语气 2014年中考英语常见考点：完形填空2014年中考英语常见考点：条件状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：书面表达 2014年中考英语常见考点：时间状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：让步状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：目的状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：结果状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：过去进行时2014年中考英语常见考点：过去将来时2014年中考英语常见考点：感叹句和祈使句 2014
2、年中考英语常见考点：方式和地点状语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：动名词2014年中考英语常见考点：定语从句2014年中考英语常见考点：陈述句与疑问句知识点总结在英语中，句子中的谓语动词在人称和单、复数形式上必须和主语保持一致，这就是我们通常说的主谓一致。这一点看似 简单，但在实际运用中却常常遇到麻烦。一般情况下，主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配： 语法一致原则、 意义一致原则和就近原则。一、语法一致主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式.例如:He often helps me learn English
3、.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) .My friends often help me learn English.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去 具体地对待:1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了.2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, ev
4、eryone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动.Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣.3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时
5、应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 一千零一夜给人们讲了 许多有趣的故事。4、 a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数.例如: The number of workers in the factory is 400.这个工厂里工人的数量是400.A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人.5、由some,
6、several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数.例如: On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海边,有些人在打排球。Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛.A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China.
7、 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作.6、有些表示数量的百分数,分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式.如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数.例如: A lot of money in the shop was stolen y
8、esterday. 昨天那家商店丢失了许多钱.A lot of students are fr om En gland in the school.那个学校里很多学生来自英国。二、意义一致这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题.有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式.1) 当主语后面接由but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together wit
9、h等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.例如: The te acher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊.The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊.我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到
10、句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语: The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.2) 表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,，谓语动词常用单数形式。如：Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。Twenty years stands for a long p eriod in ones life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.3) 形容词前加定冠词即the + 形容词作主语时,其意义若是指个人
11、或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数.例如: The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。4)由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)The w
12、riter and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词常见的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等.例如: The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.The family is the tiniest cell
13、 of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.6)一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers, pan ts, shorts,glasses, 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的.但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数.如: This pair of t rousers is made in Hangzhou.三、就近原则这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either or , neither nor ,not only but
14、also 等.例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.Neither his family nor he knows anything about i t. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事.常见考法对于主谓一致的考查，通常会以单选的形式出现，多是让我们选择合适的谓语动词。典型例题：The factory, including its machines and buildings, _ burnt last night.A. is B. are C. were D.
15、was解析：but, except, besides, with, together with, along with, including, as well as, rather than, like等词连接主语时，谓语动词和前面的主语保持一致,本题中就是和The factory保持一致。而这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语.答案：D误区提醒主谓一致这一知识点比较琐碎，在运用中常会因为考虑不全面而出错，所以我们必须把每一种用法记住，灵活运用。尤其要注意就近原则、集体名词和百分数,分数短语作主语的情况。典型例题：Either Jane or Steven _
16、 watching TV now.A. were B. is C. was D. are解析：本题考查的是就近原则。either or , neither nor ,not only but also 连接两个主语时，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近 作主语的词语保持一致。本题中就是和Steven保持一致。有now.可知是现在进行时，排除A和C.答案：B知识点总结语态表示主语和谓语的关系。语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，或者是说动作是由主语完成的，要用主动语态，如：We speak Chinese in China.在中国我们说汉语；如果主语是动作的承受者 ，或者是说动作不
17、 是由主语而是由其他人完成的，则用被动语态,如：Chinese is spoken by us in China.在中国汉语被我们说。一、主动语态改成被动语态方法把主动语态改为被动语态非常简单，可以遵循以下几个步骤：1. 将主动语态的宾语作被动语态的主语；2. 谓语动词变为be+及物动词的过去分词，并通过be的变化来表达出 不同的时态；3主动语态的主语变为介词by的宾语，组成介词短语放在被动结构中的谓语动词之后。（有时by的短语可以省略）；例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. A letter is written by Bruce every week
18、 .二、被动 语态的用法：1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday.2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year.3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages.4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Many mor
19、e trees will be planted next year.5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often.6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now. My bike is being repaired by Tom now.7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are tw o books to be read. There a
20、re twenty more trees to be planted.三、使用被动语态应注意的几个问题：1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。This pen writes well. This new book sells well.3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省 略to的动词不定式，主动语态中不带to，但变为被动语态时，须加上to。 例：make somebody do somethingsom
21、ebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do so methingsomebody +be +seen to do something The boss made the little boy do heavy work.The li ttle boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，直接宾语(物)作主语，那么动词后要用介词，这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.A book was given to me by him. He
22、 showed me a ticket.A ticket was shown to me by him.5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We cant laugh at him. He cant be laughed at by us.常见考法对于语态考查，多以单选、词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用被动语态的能力。一般情况下，会综合考查时态和语态，这时，要根据语境和动作发生的时间来确定时态，然后再确定语态。典型例题：-Could you tell me whom the radio_by? -Sorry, I have no
23、idea.A invents B invented C is invented D was invented解析：题干的意思是你能告诉我收音机是谁发明的吗？，发明收音机是过去 的事，所以用过去时，排除 A和C ；而radio和invent 构成被动关系，应用被动语态，排除B答案：D误区提醒有些动词后跟不带to的不定式作宾语补足语，但改为被动结构后要加上to，这一点我们必须注意。典型例题：The young man was often seen _ by the lake.A to draw B to drawing C draw D drew解析：这是2007年济南的中考题。看到某人做某事为s
24、ee sb.do sth.。句中动词原形是省略to的不定式，在被动语态中要还原to。答案：A知识点总结阅读理解主要考查学生一下几个方面的阅读理解能力：1、理解和把握文章主旨大意、段落大意和中心思想的能力。2、理解和把握文章具体信息来获取有关信息能力，及根据上下文提供的语境推测生词词义、句意，进而加深对文章的理解能力。3、根据文章进行简单的数字推算和 计算的能力。4、既要理解词、短语、句 子和文章的表层意思，更要理解其深层含义和抽象概念的能力。5、理解全篇的逻辑关系，根据已知信息进行合理的推理判断和预测新信息的能力。解题技巧：1、顺序法：先读懂文章，然后按顺序答题。此方法适合内容较易于理解和记忆
25、飞文章。2、颠倒法：先读试题再读文章，这样我们可以带着问题有的放矢的阅读文章并迅速发现答案。3、交叉法：先阅读一篇文章，把握中 心大意后开始答题，对暂时确定不了的答案，可再次回读文章的有关内容并对其进行分析、推敲后再确定。4、排除法：对拿不准的答案，可先逐项排除自己有把握的错误选项，再将剩下的答案进行比较、筛选，直到确定最佳答案。5、要尊重原材料中的信息、观点，并在此基础上答题；不要凭想当然、主观臆断答题，不要钻牛角尖。6、在做任务型阅读回答问题时，要尽量简略回答，无关信息尽量删除。特殊疑问句的回答基本是直接信息，在原文中能直接找到答案。误区提醒【典型例题剖析】My parents taugh
26、t me not to waste food. My mom always found ways to make leftovers (剩余食物) taste good. I went to Ilan to learn about some of their special foods. As I was there, I learned about the food and the history of the area. I learned that they dont waste food, either, and they use leftovers!Many years ago, t
27、here was not enough food for everyone. People learned to cook and eat almost everything. They had to think of ways to make special dishes. One of these dishes is kao zha. Its made with leftovers li ke meat, soup, oil and fat. That might not sound very good, but it does taste good. Today, kao zha is
28、a special dish at big banquets (宴会).Another famous dish is called zao bing. Its made with fruit, meat and other things. I really liked it! But I didnt want to eat too much. It has a lot of fat in it.I smelled something b urning and I saw smoke, so I found another special food of the Ilan areaduck me
29、at. The duck meat is put in a big oven (炉子) to cook it. Smoke keeps the meat fresh. I dont usually eat meat, but this duck meat was delicious! It tasted sweet.Ilan is a great place with delicious food. I hope I can come back again!1. The writer learns from her parents _.A. not to eat leftovers B. to
30、 eat good foodC. not to waste food D. to make good food2. She finds that people in Ilan _.A. always waste food B. dont use leftoversC. dont have enough food D. can cook special food3. Kao zha is a good dish that is made with _.A. fruit, meat and other things B. fresh and sweet duck meatC. some diffe
31、rent leftovers D. meat, soup and fruit4. There are _ kinds of special foods mentioned in the passage.A. two B. three C. four D. five5. From the p assage, we know that _.A. there was not enough food in Ilan long agoB. leftovers cant be used to cook delicious foodC. zao bing is a famous dish without any fat in itD. the writer is interested in very big banquets