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1、 The Great Wall of China is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in northern China, built originally to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire against intrusions by various nomadic groups. Several walls have been built since the 5th century BC that are referred to collectively as
2、 the Great Wall, which has been rebuilt and maintained from the 5th century BC through the 16th century. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. Little of that wall remains; the majority of the existing wall was built during the Ming D
3、ynasty. The Great Wall stretches from Shanhaiguan in the east, to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia. The most comprehensive archaeological survey has recently concluded that the entire Great Wall, with all of its branches, stretches for 8,8
4、51.8 km. This is made up of 6,259.6 km sections of actual wall, 359.7 km of trenches and 2,232.5 km of natural defensive barriers such as hills and rivers. The Chinese were already familiar with the techniques of wall-building by the time of the Spring and Autumn Period. During the Warring States Pe
5、riod from the 5th century BC to 221 BC, the states of Qin, Wei, Zhao, Qi and Yan all constructed extensive fortifications to defend their own borders. Qin Shi Huang conquered all opposing states and unified China in 221 BC, establishing the Qin Dynasty. To protect the empire against intrusions by th
6、e Xiongnu people from the north, he ordered the building of a new wall to connect the remaining fortifications along the empires new northern frontier. Most of the ancient walls have eroded away over the centuries, and very few sections remain today. Later, the Han, Sui and Jin dynasties all repaire
7、d, rebuilt, or expanded sections of the Great Wall at great cost to defend themselves against northern invaders. Towards the end of the Ming Dynasty, the Great Wall helped defend the empire against the Manchu invasions. However, when the gates at Shanhaiguan were opened by Wu Sangui, the Manchus qui
8、ckly seized Beijing and established the Qing Dynasty. Under Qing rule, Chinas borders extended beyond the walls and Mongolia was annexed into the empire, so construction and repairs on the Great Wall were discontinued. 从春秋时代开始，我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。从春秋时代开始，我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。在从公元前在从公元前5 5世纪至公元前世纪至公元前221221
9、年的战国时期，秦、魏、赵、年的战国时期，秦、魏、赵、齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元前前221221年，秦始皇征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国，建立年，秦始皇征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国，建立秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵，他下沿着整个国家的北部秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵，他下沿着整个国家的北部边界建立新的城墙，以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部边界建立新的城墙，以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部分已侵蚀了数百年，只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长分已侵蚀了数百年，只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长城由汉，隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理，改建
10、或是扩建长城由汉，隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理，改建或是扩建长城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在1515世纪世纪40-6040-60年代，明朝年代，明朝修建了所谓的修建了所谓的“辽东长城辽东长城”。明朝末年，长城抵御了满清。明朝末年，长城抵御了满清帝国入侵。然而，当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后，满族人帝国入侵。然而，当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后，满族人迅速占领了北京，建立了清朝。在清朝统治下，中国的边迅速占领了北京，建立了清朝。在清朝统治下，中国的边界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古，所以建造和维修长城的工界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古，所以建造和维修长城的工事被停止。事被停止。 1.
11、North Pass of Juyongguan pass, known as the Badaling. Made of stone and bricks from the hills, this portion of the Great Wall is 7.8 meters (25.6 ft) high and 5 meters (16.4 ft) wide. “北通”居庸关，也就是八达岭。由石头和砖块砌成，这部分长城高7.8米（25.6英尺）宽5米（16.4英尺）。 2. “West Pass” of Jiayuguan . This fort is near the western e
12、dges of the Great Wall. “西通”嘉峪关。这个要塞靠近长城的西部边缘。 3. East Pass of Shanhaiguan. This fort is near the eastern edges of the Great Wall. “东通”山海关。这个要塞靠近长城的东部边缘。 The Great Wall is the mightiest work of man, the only one that would be visible to the human eye from the moon. - Richard Halliburton 长城是人类最伟大的工程，
13、是唯一可以从月球上直接用肉眼看到的东西。 理查德哈里伯顿。 The Great Wall is a maximum 9.1 m (30 ft) wide, and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it. Based on the optics of resolving power, only an object of reasonable contrast to its surroundings which is 70 mi (110 km) or more in diameter would be visible to the
14、unaided eye from the moon. The apparent width of the Great Wall from the moon is the same as that of a human hair viewed from 2 miles away. To see the wall from the moon would require spatial resolution 17,000 times better than normal vision. Unsurprisingly, no lunar astronaut has ever claimed to ha
15、ve seen the Great Wall from the moon. 长城最宽是9.1米（30英尺），颜色和周围土壤的颜色相似。基于光学分辨能力，人们从月球上直接用肉眼可以看到直径70英里（110公里）以上的物体。从月球表面看长城的宽度就好比从2英里外看人类的头发一样。要从月球上看到长城的话将需要优于正常视力17,000倍的空间分辨率。因此，月球的宇航员从未声称已经从月球上看到长城也就不奇怪。 A more controversial question is whether the Wall is visible from low earth orbit (an altitude of as little as 100 miles (160 km). NASA claims that it is barely visible, and only under nearly perfect conditions; it is no more conspicuous than many other man-made objects 比较有争议的问题是，长城在低地球轨道上(海拔仅为100英里（160公里）是否可见。美国国家航空航天局声称几乎是看不到的，只有在近乎完美的条件下才可以；它并不比其他许多人造的物体更显著。