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1、病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程RalphWaldoEmerson爱默生简介-方涵琦病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程生平简介拉尔夫拉尔夫沃尔多沃尔多爱默生（爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson，1803年年1882年），生于波士顿。年），生于波士顿。美国思想家、文学家，诗人。美国思想家、文学家，诗人。爱默生是确立美国爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代表人物。文化精神的代表人物。美国前总统林肯称他为美国前总统林肯称他为“美国的孔子美国的孔
2、子”、“美国文明之父美国文明之父”。1803年年5月月6日出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，日出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，1882年年4月月27日在波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横日在波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横贯贯19世纪的美国，他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，世纪的美国，他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无一些人意识到它代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表达出来。人能够清晰的表达出来。病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程Ralph Waldo Emerson(May25,18
3、03April27,1882)wasanAmericanlecturer,philosopher,essayist,andpoet,bestrememberedforleadingtheTranscendentalistmovementofthemid-19thcentury.Hewasseenasachampionofindividualismandaprescientcriticofthecountervailingpressuresofsociety,andhedisseminatedhisthoughtsthroughdozensofpublishedessaysandmorethan
4、1,500publiclecturesacrosstheUnitedStates.Emersongraduallymovedawayfromthereligiousandsocialbeliefsofhiscontemporaries,formulatingandexpressingthephilosophyofTranscendentalisminhis1836essay,Nature.Followingthisground-breakingwork,hegaveaspeechentitledThe American Scholarin1837,whichOliverWendellHolme
5、s,Sr.consideredtobeAmericasIntellectualDeclarationofIndependence.1Consideredoneofthegreatlecturersofthetime,Emersonhadanenthusiasmandrespectforhisaudiencethatenrapturedcrowds.病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程早年经历早年经历爱默生出身牧师家庭，他的父亲是威廉爱默生是一位知名的一位论派牧师。爱默生在即将过八岁的两周前父亲过世（1811年），由母亲和
6、姑母抚养他成人。隔年他被送到了波士顿拉丁学校就读。在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假期间他会到Ripley伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想，开阔了视野。1821年爱默生从哈佛大学毕业后，他协助自己的兄弟在母亲的家中设立一所给年轻女性就读的学校，这是在他于切尔姆斯福德设立自己的学校以后的事；当爱默生的兄弟前往格丁根读神学时，爱默生负责主持这所学校。之后数年，爱默生都过著担任校长的日子，然后进了哈佛大学神学院，并于1829年以一位论派牧
7、师的形象崭露头角。病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程Emersonwrotemostofhisimportantessaysaslecturesfirst,thenrevisedthemforprint.HisfirsttwocollectionsofessaysEssays:First SeriesandEssays:Second Series,publishedrespectivelyin1841and1844representthecoreofhisthinking,andincludesuchwell-know
8、nessaysasSelf-Reliance,The Over-Soul,Circles,The PoetandExperience.TogetherwithNature,theseessaysmadethedecadefromthemid-1830stothemid-1840sEmersonsmostfertileperiod.Emersonwroteonanumberofsubjects,neverespousingfixedphilosophicaltenets,butdevelopingcertainideassuchasindividuality,freedom,theability
9、formantorealizealmostanything,andtherelationshipbetweenthesoulandthesurroundingworld.Emersonsnaturewasmorephilosophicalthannaturalistic;Philosophicallyconsidered,theuniverseiscomposedofNatureandtheSoul.“Whilehiswritingstylecanbeseenassomewhatimpenetrable,andwasthoughtsoeveninhisowntime,Emersonsessay
10、sremainoneofthelinchpinsofAmericanthinking,andEmersonsworkhasinfluencednearlyeverygenerationofthinker,writerandpoetsincehistime.Whenaskedtosumuphiswork,hesaidhiscentraldoctrinewastheinfinitudeoftheprivateman.病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程Earlylife,family,andeducationEmersonw
11、asborninBoston,MassachusettsonMay25,1803,sonofRuthHaskinsandtheRev.WilliamEmerson,aUnitarianminister.HewasnamedafterhismothersbrotherRalphandthefathersgreat-grandmotherRebeccaWaldo.RalphWaldowasthesecondoffivesonswhosurvivedintoadulthood;theotherswereWilliam,Edward,RobertBulkeley,andCharles.Threeoth
12、erchildrenPhebe,JohnClarke,andMaryCarolinediedinchildhood.TheyoungRalphWaldoEmersonsfatherdiedfromstomachcanceronMay12,1811,lessthantwoweeksbeforeEmersonseighthbirthday.Emersonwasraisedbyhismother,withthehelpoftheotherwomeninthefamily;hisauntMaryMoodyEmersonplayedanimportantrole.AuntMaryhadaprofound
13、effectonEmerson.Shelivedwiththefamilyoffandon,andmaintainedaconstantcorrespondencewithEmersonuntilherdeathin1863.病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程EmersonsformalschoolingbeganattheBostonLatinSchoolin1812whenhewasnine.InOctober1817,at14,EmersonwenttoHarvardCollegeandwasappointedf
14、reshmanmessengerforthepresident,requiringEmersontofetchdelinquentstudentsandsendmessagestofaculty.Midwaythroughhisjunioryear,EmersonbegankeepingalistofbookshehadreadandstartedajournalinaseriesofnotebooksthatwouldbecalledWideWorld.Hetookoutsidejobstocoverhisschoolexpenses,includingasawaiterfortheJuni
15、orCommonsandasanoccasionalteacherworkingwithhisuncleSamuelinWaltham,MassachusettsByhissenioryear,Emersondecidedtogobyhismiddlename,Waldo.EmersonservedasClassPoet;aswascustom,hepresentedanoriginalpoemonHarvardsClassDay,amonthbeforehisofficialgraduationonAugust29,1821,whenhewas18.Hedidnotstandoutasast
16、udentandgraduatedintheexactmiddleofhisclassof59people.In1826,facedwithpoorhealth,Emersonwenttoseekoutwarmerclimates.HefirstwenttoCharleston,SouthCarolina,butfoundtheweatherwasstilltoocold.Hethenwentfurthersouth,toSt.Augustine,Florida,wherehetooklongwalksonthebeach,andbeganwritingpoetry.WhileinSt.Aug
17、ustine,hemadetheacquaintanceofPrinceAchilleMurat.Murat,thenephewofNapoleonBonaparte,wasonlytwoyearshissenior;thetwobecameextremelygoodfriendsandenjoyedoneanotherscompany.Thetwoengagedinenlighteningdiscussionsonreligion,society,philosophy,andgovernment,andEmersonconsideredMuratanimportantfigureinhisi
18、ntellectualeducation.WhileinSt.Augustine,Emersonhadhisfirstexperienceofslavery.Atonepoint,heattendedameetingoftheBibleSocietywhiletherewasaslaveauctiontakingplaceintheyardoutside.Hewrote,Oneearthereforeheardthegladtidingsofgreatjoy,whilsttheotherwasregaledwithGoing,gentlemen,going!病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破
19、坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程1.Emersonstranscendentalism:Theover-soulitisanall-pervadingpowergoodness,fromwhichallthingscomeandofwhichallareapart.Itisasupremerealityofmind,aspiritualunityofallbeingsandareligion.Itisacommunicationbetweenanindividualsoulandtheuniversalover-soul.Andhestronglybe
20、lieveinthedivinityandinfinityofmanasanindividual,somancantotallyrelyonhimself.2.TranscendentalismitisaphilosophicandliterarymovementthatflourishinNewEngland,asareactionagainstrationalismandCalvinism.Itstressedintuitiveunderstandingofgodwithoutthehelpofthechurch,andadvocatedindependenceofthemind.3.Hi
21、sattitudetowardnature:Emersonlovesnature.Hisnatureisthegarmentoftheover-soul,symbolicandmoralbound.Natureisnotsomethingpurelyofthematter,butalivewithGodspresence.Itexerciseahealthyandrestorativeinfluenceonhumanbeings.Childrencanseenaturebetterthanadult.Wedonotlookinourgreatcitiesforourbestmorality.J
22、aneAustin病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程名言警句Everyonehasakindofbelligerentattitudeofmind,areinclinedtothiseternalwarcrimes,hewantedtoprovehimselfasamightyforcealonewillbeabletodealwiththeenemy Emerson人人内心都有一种好战的态度，都倾向于战争这种永恒的罪行，他想以此证明自己单枪匹马就能对付敌人的千军万马Progressistheactivityoftod
23、ayandtheassuranceoftomorrow.(Emerson,Americanthinker)进步是今天的活动、明天的保证。(美国思想家爱默生)病原体侵入机体，消弱机体防御机能，破坏机体内环境的相对稳定性，且在一定部位生长繁殖，引起不同程度的病理生理过程.Shallowmenbelieveinluck.Self-trustisthefirstsecretofsuccess肤浅的人相信运气，而成功的首要秘诀是自信。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.Donotgowherethepathmaylead,goinsteadwherethereisnopathandleaveatrail.不要沿着
24、前人留的路走，去自己开路并留下足迹。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.Insistonyourself;neverimitateEverygreatmanisunique.坚持做你自己；不要模仿别人.每个伟大的人都是独一无二的。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.Thelanscopebelongstothemanwholooksatit.RalphWaldoEmerson,Americanthinker风景属于看风景的人。美国思想家爱默生RWTofillthehour-thatishappiness.RalphWoldoEmerson,Americanthinker让时间过得充实些，那才是幸福。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.