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1、TheGreatWallofChinaisaseriesofstoneandearthenfortificationsinnorthernChina,builtoriginallytoprotectthenorthernbordersoftheChineseEmpireagainstintrusionsbyvariousnomadicgroups.Severalwallshavebeenbuiltsincethe5thcenturyBCthatarereferredtocollectivelyastheGreatWall,whichhasbeenrebuiltandmaintainedfrom
2、the5thcenturyBCthroughthe16thcentury.Oneofthemostfamousisthewallbuiltbetween220206BCbythefirstEmperorofChina,QinShiHuang.Littleofthatwallremains;themajorityoftheexistingwallwasbuiltduringtheMingDynasty.TheGreatWallstretchesfromShanhaiguanintheeast,toLopNurinthewest,alonganarcthatroughlydelineatesthe
3、southernedgeofInnerMongolia.ThemostcomprehensivearchaeologicalsurveyhasrecentlyconcludedthattheentireGreatWall,withallofitsbranches,stretchesfor8,851.8km.Thisismadeupof6,259.6kmsectionsofactualwall,359.7kmoftrenchesand2,232.5kmofnaturaldefensivebarrierssuchashillsandrivers.TheChinesewerealreadyfamil
4、iarwiththetechniquesofwall-buildingbythetimeoftheSpringandAutumnPeriod.DuringtheWarringStatesPeriodfromthe5thcenturyBCto221BC,thestatesofQin,Wei,Zhao,QiandYanallconstructedextensivefortificationstodefendtheirownborders.QinShiHuangconqueredallopposingstatesandunifiedChinain221BC,establishingtheQinDyn
5、asty.ToprotecttheempireagainstintrusionsbytheXiongnupeoplefromthenorth,heorderedthebuildingofanewwalltoconnecttheremainingfortificationsalongtheempiresnewnorthernfrontier.Mostoftheancientwallshaveerodedawayoverthecenturies,andveryfewsectionsremaintoday.Later,theHan,SuiandJindynastiesallrepaired,rebu
6、ilt,orexpandedsectionsoftheGreatWallatgreatcosttodefendthemselvesagainstnortherninvaders.TowardstheendoftheMingDynasty,theGreatWallhelpeddefendtheempireagainsttheManchuinvasions.However,whenthegatesatShanhaiguanwereopenedbyWuSangui,theManchusquicklyseizedBeijingandestablishedtheQingDynasty.UnderQing
7、rule,ChinasbordersextendedbeyondthewallsandMongoliawasannexedintotheempire,soconstructionandrepairsontheGreatWallwerediscontinued.从春秋时代开始,我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。从春秋时代开始,我国古代人民便已熟悉城墙建造技术。在从公元前在从公元前5 5世纪至公元前世纪至公元前221221年的战国时期,秦、魏、赵、年的战国时期,秦、魏、赵、齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元齐和燕各国建立广泛的防御工事来保卫自己的边界。公元前前221221年,秦始皇
8、征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国,建立年,秦始皇征服了所有反对国家而统一了个国,建立秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵,他下沿着整个国家的北部秦朝。为了避免匈奴人的入侵,他下沿着整个国家的北部边界建立新的城墙,以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部边界建立新的城墙,以连接残留的防御工事。古城墙大部分已侵蚀了数百年,只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长分已侵蚀了数百年,只有极少数路段保留至今。后来的长城由汉,隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理,改建或是扩建长城由汉,隋和晋朝以极大的代价来修理,改建或是扩建长城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在城以捍卫自己免于北方的侵略。在1515世纪世纪40-6040-60年代,明朝年代,明朝修
9、建了所谓的修建了所谓的“辽东长城辽东长城”。明朝末年,长城抵御了满清。明朝末年,长城抵御了满清帝国入侵。然而,当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后,满族人帝国入侵。然而,当山海关隘口被吴三桂打开后,满族人迅速占领了北京,建立了清朝。在清朝统治下,中国的边迅速占领了北京,建立了清朝。在清朝统治下,中国的边界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古,所以建造和维修长城的工界一直延伸到长城之外和蒙古,所以建造和维修长城的工事被停止。事被停止。1.NorthPassofJuyongguanpass,knownastheBadaling.Madeofstoneandbricksfromthehills,thisportionof
10、theGreatWallis7.8meters(25.6ft)highand5meters(16.4ft)wide.“北通”居庸关,也就是八达岭。由石头和砖块砌成,这部分长城高7.8米(25.6英尺)宽5米(16.4英尺)。2.“WestPass”ofJiayuguan.ThisfortisnearthewesternedgesoftheGreatWall.“西通”嘉峪关。这个要塞靠近长城的西部边缘。3.EastPassofShanhaiguan.ThisfortisneartheeasternedgesoftheGreatWall.“东通”山海关。这个要塞靠近长城的东部边缘。TheGreat
11、Wallisthemightiestworkofman,theonlyonethatwouldbevisibletothehumaneyefromthemoon.-RichardHalliburton 长城是人类最伟大的工程,是唯一可以从月球上直接用肉眼看到的东西。理查德哈里伯顿。TheGreatWallisamaximum9.1m(30ft)wide,andisaboutthesamecolorasthesoilsurroundingit.Basedontheopticsofresolvingpower,onlyanobjectofreasonablecontrasttoitssurroun
12、dingswhichis70mi(110km)ormoreindiameterwouldbevisibletotheunaidedeyefromthemoon.TheapparentwidthoftheGreatWallfromthemoonisthesameasthatofahumanhairviewedfrom2milesaway.Toseethewallfromthemoonwouldrequirespatialresolution17,000timesbetterthannormalvision.Unsurprisingly,nolunarastronauthaseverclaimed
13、tohaveseentheGreatWallfromthemoon.长城最宽是9.1米(30英尺),颜色和周围土壤的颜色相似。基于光学分辨能力,人们从月球上直接用肉眼可以看到直径70英里(110公里)以上的物体。从月球表面看长城的宽度就好比从2英里外看人类的头发一样。要从月球上看到长城的话将需要优于正常视力17,000倍的空间分辨率。因此,月球的宇航员从未声称已经从月球上看到长城也就不奇怪。AmorecontroversialquestioniswhethertheWallisvisiblefromlowearthorbit(analtitudeofaslittleas100miles(160km).NASAclaimsthatitisbarelyvisible,andonlyundernearlyperfectconditions;itisnomoreconspicuousthanmanyotherman-madeobjects比较有争议的问题是,长城在低地球轨道上(海拔仅为100英里(160公里)是否可见。美国国家航空航天局声称几乎是看不到的,只有在近乎完美的条件下才可以;它并不比其他许多人造的物体更显著。