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1、重难点10 阅读理解之说明文【命题趋势】中考阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力、分析和判断能力。要求学生能较快地通过阅读理解短文大意，获取其中的主要信息，能做出正确判断，然后根据试题的要求从A, B, C, D四个选项中选出最佳答案或做出正误判断。文章的难易程度和初三课文基本相同，要求阅读速度为每分钟40-50个词。主要涉及到记叙文，说明文，应用文等。【满分技巧】1.主旨题 解题技巧为：找主题句。应先通读全文，理解大意，充分理解主题句的意义。主题句通常出现在短文第一句或最后一句。2. 细节题 解题技巧为：快速捕捉信息，尤其是一些事例、数字等，划出相关句子，进行对照。3. 推断题 解题技巧为：
2、寻找线索，悟出字里行间的意思。4.猜测词义题 解题技巧为：通过阅读上下文，断定该词的真正含义。【热点话题】 说明文热衷话题有：旅游、环保、广告类等。【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）A【2019 湖南省郴州市】话题：环保难度：建议用时：6分In todays world, almost everyone knows that air pollution and water pollution are harmful to peoples health. However, not all the people know that noise is also a kind of pollution
3、, and that is harmful to human health, too. People who work and live under noisy conditions usually become deaf. Today, scientists believe that 10% of the workers in Britain are becoming deaf because of the noise where they work. Many of the workers who print newspapers and who weave cloth（织布）become
4、 deaf. Plenty of people living near airports also become deaf. Recently it was discovered that many teenagers in America could hear no better than 65-year-old persons, because these young people like to listen to pop music and most of pop music is a kind of noise. Besides, noise which is produced by
5、 jet planes or machines will make peoples life difficult and unpleasant. It can make people ill or even drive them mad.It is said that a continuous noise of more than 85 decibels（分贝）can cause deafness. Now the governments in many countries have made laws to control noise and make it less than 85 dec
6、ibels.In China, the government is trying to solve not only air and water pollution problems but also noise pollution problems.1. Scientists believe 10% of the workers _ are becoming deaf because of their noisy workplaces.A. in AmericaB. in ChinaC. in Britain2. _ will probably become deaf.A. Workers
7、who print newspapersB. People who live far from airportsC. Students who like listening to soft music3. According to the passage, noise from jet planes or machines can _.A. make people sleepyB. drive people madC. cause people to die4. The underlined word continuous means _ in Chinese.A. 正常的B. 持续的C. 清
8、晰的5. Whats the best title of this passage?A. Air PollutionB. Water PollutionC. Noise Pollution【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，说明了在今天的世界上，几乎每个人都知道空气污染对人们身体有害，然而，并不是所有人都知道噪声污染也对身体有害，声音超过85分贝，可以导致耳聋，所以在每个国家制定法律减少或控制噪音使它小于85分贝。1. C【解析】细节理解题。根据文中Today, scientists believe that 10% of the workers in Britain are becoming de
9、af because of the noise where they work.可知，科学家们认为，英国有10%的工人因为工作场所嘈杂而耳聋。故选C。2. A【解析】细节理解题。根据文中Many of the workers who print newspapers and who weave cloth（织布）become deaf.可知，印刷报纸的工人可能变聋。故选A。3. B【解析】细节理解题。根据文中Besides, noise which is produced by jet planes or machines will make peoples life difficult an
10、d unpleasant. It can make people ill or even drive them mad.可知，根据通道，喷气式飞机或机器发出的噪音会使人发疯。故选B。4. B【解析】词句猜测题。根据下文noise of more than 85 decibels（分贝）can cause deafness. Now the governments in many countries have made laws to control noise and make it less than 85 decibels.可知，据说持续超过85分贝的噪音会导致耳聋。continuous的
11、意思是持续。故选B。5. C【解析】标题判断题。通读整篇短文可知，这篇短文主要讲述了噪音污染的危害。故选C。B【2019 江苏省南通市】话题：新闻报道类难度：建议用时：6分Weekly RoundupThe number of Chinese studying abroad grew at a slower rate(比率) in 2018, as more students have come to realize that studying abroad does not guarantee(保证) a well-paid job in foreign countries. About 7
12、8 percent of Chinese students abroad plan to work in China either right after graduation or after working abroad for a while. Tours that provide a window on wildlife without harming the animals are a welcome development for Chinese animallovers, a recent survey found. About 60 percent of interviewee
13、s said that they would refuse to take part in tours that might badly influence the normal Life of animals in the wild or be harmful to wildlife. A survey by American Councils for International Education, showed that there were 227,086 Chinese learners across the formal US education system, making Ch
14、inese the third most popular language being studied. Passengers found eating or drinking on the Beijing subway who do not stop when they are asked will face having their actions noted on their social credit (信用) score according to Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport. 1. Which of the following
15、is true according to News l?A. Most Chinese students studying abroad plan to work in China.B. Most Chinese students will no longer go abroad for education.C. Chinese students studying abroad can find jobs easily in China.D. Chinese students studying abroad can get well-paid jobs in China.2. Whats th
16、e main idea of News 2?A. Chinese tourists will not do any harm to wildlife from now on.B. The tours are specially designed for Chinese to protect wildlife.C. Many tourists in China have a strong sense of animal protection.D. The tours make more tourists become interested in wild animals.3. According
17、 to the news above, we know that _.A. 227,086 Chinese learners have been to America to study languagesB. Chinese has become the most popular languages in the United StatesC. passengers are not allowed to drink or eat on the Beijing SubwayD. passengers will be punished and fined if they eat or drink
18、on the subway【文章大意】这个短文是每周的新闻信息：中国留学人口；许多人对野生动物有很强的保护意识；汉语成为第三大受欢迎的语言；地铁上吃东西的行为。1. A【解析】推理判断题。根据文中 About 78 percent of Chinese students abroad plan to work in China either right after graduation or after working abroad for a while.可知，大多数出国留学的中国学生计划在中国工作。选项A是正确的。故选A。2. C【解析】细节理解题。通读第二个新闻可知，主要讲述了在中国，许
19、多游客都有很强的动物保护意识。故选C。3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据文中Passengers found eating or drinking on the Beijing subway who do not stop when they are asked will face having their actions noted on their social credit (信用) score according to Beijing Municipal Commission of Transport.可知，在北京地铁上，乘客不能饮食。故选C。C【2019 浙江省杭州市】话题：广告类难度
20、：建议用时：6分The Coffee Pot RestaurantWere looking for Saturday assistants (帮手) in our busy town centre restaurant. The job will include setting and clearing tables, serving customers and helping in the kitchen. Were looking for polite and patient people who can work under pressure.Hours: 10 am-4 pm incl
21、uding a half-hour lunch break.Pay: 5 an hour + lunchFilm Extras WantedHave you ever wanted to be in the movies? Are you interested in acting? Were making a film in the local area during July and August and well need several young people as extras (临时演员). Were looking for active and social 14-18-year
22、-olds.Pay: 50 a day + meals.Please include a recent photograph in your application.Newspaper Boys/GirlsWere looking for honest young people to deliver (投递) newspapers and magazines. We need one person for morning deliveries (7-8) and two people for evening deliveries (5-6). You must be at least 13 y
23、ears old and have your own bicycle. For morning deliveries you need to be good at getting up early, too!Pay: 30 a weekWhen you apply (申请), please say whether you prefer mornings or evenings.PART-TIME ASSISTANTS WANTEDShopnSave Supermarket needs two young people (14-18) for evening and weekend work.
24、The job includes helping customers, putting things on the shelves, collecting trolleys, etc.Hours: 5-7 evenings or 10-5 Saturdays and Sundays.Pay: 4 an hour and free lunch for weekend hours1. To be a film extra, one has to be _.A. polite and patientB. active and socialC. honest and strongD. helpful
25、and careful2. A part-time assistant at ShopnSave Supermarket needs to _.A. set and clear tablesB. provide a photoC. deliver newspapersD. help customers3. If 13-year-old Tom is free from 5:00 pm to 7:00 pm, which job can he apply for?A. A restaurant assistant.B. A film extra.C. A newspaper boy.D. A s
26、upermarket assistant.【文章大意】这篇短文由四个广告组成，第一个广告是某餐馆在寻找帮手；第二个广告是招聘临时演员；第三个广告是找送报纸和杂志的男孩或女孩；最后一个是某超市招聘兼职的工作人员。1. B【解析】细节理解题。根据第二个广告中Were looking for active and social 14-18-year-olds可知，临时演员应该积极、有社交能力。由此可知应选B。2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据第四个广告中The job includes helping customers, putting things on the shelves, collecti
27、ng trolleys, etc.可知，ShopnSave这个超市招聘工作人员来帮助顾客、把东西放到架子上，收集手推车等等。由此可知应选D。3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据题意可知，Tom 13岁了，下午5点到7点有时间，按照这些条件我们在每个广告中寻找，根据第三个广告We need one person for morning deliveries (7-8) and two people for evening deliveries (5-6). You must be at least 13 years old and have your own bicycle.可知，Tom的条件都符合
28、，故应选C。D【2019 安徽省中考】话题：旅游难度：建议用时：6分 It is expected that Pacific Island countries will become popular with Chinese tourists in 2019. Which one should you choose for your summer holiday?CountryWhat you need to knowLanguageWhat you need to doPapua New GuineaIt is the largest one of the Pacific Island co
29、untries. Both the mainland and its islands are perfect for deep sea diving (潜水).English & Tok PisinGo deep sea diving in the Solomon Sea.Kingdom ofTongaTonga is ahead of the rest of the world: its the first country in the world to start a new day.English &TonganVisit the Royal Palace of Tonga.The Re
30、public of VanuatuIt sits between Hawaii and Australia. In Vanuatu, youll find the worlds only underwater post office in the capital, Port Villa.English,French &BislamaSend a postcard from the underwater post office.FijiFiji is one of the worlds best-known places for your holiday. The islands blue se
31、a, white-sand beaches and the forests are well worth seeing.Fijian &EnglishGo diving on Mana Island1. Which country is the first one to start a new day?A. Papua New Guinea.B. Kingdom of Tonga.C. The Republic of Vanuatu.D. Fiji.2. People go to Fiji for their holidays mainly because _.A. things there
32、are well worth seeingB. the underwater post office is excitingC. they want to stay in the Royal PalaceD. it is the largest Pacific Island country3. Which language is spoken in all the four Pacific Island countries?A. Tok Pisin.B. French.C. Bislama.D. English.4. What is the purpose of the text?A. To
33、ask for some help.B. To introduce languages.C. To answer a question.D. To offer holiday choices.【文章大意】你喜欢旅行吗？这篇短文给我们介绍了几个太平洋岛国，有巴布新几内亚、汤加王国、瓦努阿图共和国以及斐济，他们各有特色，选一个去度暑假吧！1. B【解析】细节理解题。根据表格第二行中Tonga is ahead of the rest of the world: its the first country in the world to start a new day.可知，汤加王国是世界上第一个开
34、始新一天的国家。故应选B。2. A【解析】细节理解题。根据表格中对Fiji这个国家的介绍Fiji is one of the worlds best-known places for your holiday. The islands blue sea, white-sand beaches and the forests are well worth seeing.可知，这是世界上著名的度假胜地之一，岛上蓝色的大海、白色的沙滩和森林，都值得一看。由此可知应选A。3. D【解析】细节理解题。根据表格第三列Languages中的介绍可知，这四个国家都说英语，故应选D。4. D【解析】主旨大意题。
35、根据短文第一段It is expected that Pacific Island countries will become popular with Chinese tourists in 2019. Which one should you choose for your summer holiday?和文意可知，太平洋岛国将受中国旅行者们的喜爱，文章中对几个国家进行了具体的介绍，读者们可以选择自己喜欢去的地方。由此可知文章的目的是给读者推荐可以旅行的地方，故D选项符合文意。E【2019 山东省潍坊市】话题：说明建议类难度：建议用时：6分 A recent study from a te
36、am of South Korean researchers suggests that eating alone often may lead to poor eating habits and poor food choices .Specifically ,the study found that men who ate alone more than twice a week had a greater risk of developing high blood pressure ,high cholesterol and diabetes.For children, eating w
37、ith their families is not only about preventing bad outcomes(结果) it is also about developing good ones.In 2014, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) looked at data from nearly three-quarters of the worlds countries .Among its findings was the fact that students who shared
38、a main meal with their families were less likely to skip school .Children who eat a main meal with their families are also less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol(吸毒酗酒). In the report, titled The Importance of Family Dinners (VIII) , researchers say that teens who have frequent family dinners are mor
39、e likely to say their parents know a lot about whats going on in their lives . They also claim that when teens say they feel closer to their parents, they are less likely to use drugs and alcohol.Another study from the University of Montreal found that children who ate with their families experience
40、 long term physical and mental health benefits(好处) .These children were physically in better shape and drank fewer sugary soft drinks .These children also seemed to have better social skills and they were less aggressive(好斗的).Professor Linda Pagani says that mealtimes shared with parents likely prov
41、ide young children with first-hand social interactions ,discussions of social issues(事件) and day-to-day concerns . She adds that they may likely help the child have better communication skills with others.1. What can be the best title for the text?A. Benefits of eating togetherB. Advantages of eatin
42、g aloneC. Ways of developing social skillsD. Risks of using drugs and alcohol2. Children eating with their families are more likely to _.A. drink more sugary soft drinksB. do well in their studies at schoolC. be more socially active and aggressiveD. have a closer relationship with their parents3. Wh
43、y is Professor Pagani mentioned in the last paragraph?A. To introduce herB. To add a new pointC. To explain furtherD. To provide background information4. From which is the text probably taken?A. A travel guideB. A biology textbookC. A cooking instructionD. A science magazine【文章大意】这是一篇说明文，多项研究结果说明家人一
44、起吃饭的重要性，民以食为天，吃饭是一个让我们停下手中的事情来享受生活的机会。1. A【解析】主旨大意题。根据.Among its findings was the fact that students who shared a main meal with their families were less likely to skip school .Children who eat a main meal with their families are also less likely to abuse drugs and alcohol(吸毒酗酒).和Another study from
45、the University of Montreal found that children who ate with their families experience long term physical and mental health benefits(好处)可知文章主要讲一起吃饭的好处；故选A。2. D【解析】细节理解题。根据. They also claim that when teens say they feel closer to their parents ,可知是和父母有更亲近的关系；故选D。3. C【解析】细节理解题。根据Professor Linda Pagani
46、says that mealtimes shared with parents likely provide young children with first-hand social interactions ,discussions of social issues(事件) and day-to-day concerns .She adds that they may likely help the child have better communication skills with others .可知是为了更深一层的解释孩子和父母一起吃饭的重要性；故选C。4. D【解析】细节理解题。
47、根据A recent study from a team of South Korean researchers suggests that eating alone often may lead to poor eating habits and poor food choices .Specifically ,the study found that men who ate alone more than twice a week had a greater risk of developing high blood pressure ,high cholesterol and diabetes .和后文的一些调查，可推测文章内容可能是一篇来自科学杂志的文章；A travel guide一本旅游指南， A biology textbook一本生物课本，A cooking instruction一本烹饪说明，A science magazine一个科学杂志；故选D。