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1、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学而不思就惘,思而不学就殆第四节 独立主格结构考点独立主格结构, 又称为独立结构；在形式上,独立主格结构与主句没有任何关系,但是在意思上却与主句亲密联系在一起,共同构筑成一个完整的语义环境；独立主格结构只有逻辑上的主语和谓语,没有真正的主语和谓语,所以在句法上, 独立主格结构不是句子,而是一个独立于句子成分之外的特别结构；独立主格结构可分为四类：独立分词结构；独立不定式结构；独立无动词结构和 with复合结构；一、考查独立分词结构其构成是 “名词或代词主格+分词 ”； 由于独立主格结构中的名词或代词主格是分词规律上的主语, 因此, 假如构成分词
2、的动词与其规律主语之间是主谓关系,使用表示主动意义的现在分词；例如：Weather permitting （=If weather permits）, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 假如天气答应的话,他们将在明天组织一次海边小游；（permit 是其规律主语weather 主动发出的动作,故使用现在分词；）假如构成分词的动词与其规律主语之间是动宾关系,就使用表示被动意义的过去分词；例如：The problems solved （=As the problems were solved）, the quality has bee
3、n improved. 随着问题的解决,质量已经提高了；（solve 与其规律主语 the problems 含有规律上的动宾关系,故应使用过去分词；）【考例】The party will be held in the garden, weather _.（2022 全国新课标卷）A. permitting B. to permit C. permitted D. permit 【答案】A 【解析】考查独立分词结构；此题中间有逗号,前面的句子没有显现连接词,说明这不是一个复合句或并列句,因此后面部分不是句子,只能是一个独立分词结构；permit 与weather 之间是主动关系,故用现在分词形
4、式；weather 是规律主语, permitting 是其规律上的谓语；独立分词结构在使用中仍应留意以下两点：1）在独立分词结构中,假如强调分词的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,用现在分词的完成式表示；【考例】The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _ at the end of last March. （2007 山东卷）A. has been launched B. having been launched C. being launched D. to be launched 【答
5、案】B 【解析】此题中的逗号是解题的关键；句中显现了逗号,而且前后没有连词,说明这既不是复合句, 也不是并列句, 而是一个含有独立主格结构的简洁句；由句意可知,分词表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词之前,用现在分词的完成式表示；2）“There being+名词或代词主格”是独立主格结构的一种特别形式,在意义上表示存在,充当缘由状语或条件状语,其中的being 不能省略；例如：There being no rain, the farmers had to water their fields day and night. （=As there was no rain, the farmers had
6、 to water their fields day and night. 日夜夜忙着浇地；二、考查独立不定式结构） 由于没有下雨,农夫们只得日其构成是 “名词或代词主格 +不定式 ”；独立不定式结构的时间发生在主句谓语动词之后或仍未发生；在独立不定式结构中,假如“名词或代词主格”是“不定式 ”动作的发出者,就二者在规律上含有主谓关系,用不定式的主动形式；名师归纳总结 【考例】I send you 100 dollars today, the rest _ in a year.（2005 湖南卷）第 1 页,共 5 页A. follows 【答案】C B. followed C. to fol
7、low D. being followed - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学而不思就惘,思而不学就殆【解析】考查独立不定式结构；该题目中间含有逗号,并且前后都没有连词,说明这既不是复合句, 也不是并列句, 而是一个含有独立主格结构的简洁句；依据句意, 剩余的钱一年内给付, 而且 follow 这一动作与 the rest 含有规律上的主谓关系,并且该动作尚未发生,故用 “规律主语 +不定式 ”构成独立主格结构；假如 “名词或代词主格 定式的被动式；例如：”是“不定式 ”动作的承担者,就二者在规律上含有动宾关系,用不More presents to
8、be given, she will find it difficult to accept. 再给她一些礼物, 她就会觉得很难接受；（ give 这一动作与其规律主语 more presents 有规律上的动宾关系,故使用不定式的被动形式；）三、考查独立无动词结构其构成是 “名词或代词主格+非谓语部分 ”；非谓语部分由名词及其短语、形容词、副词、介词短语充当； 该结构用来表达对主句的补充说明、对主句动词意义上的相伴及大事发生的缘由等； 假如非谓语部分变成谓语动词,就可能构成非限制性定语从句,在实际运用中要区别开来；例如：He has visited many countries, most
9、of them in Europe. 他去过许多国家,多数是欧洲的；（假如在 in Europe 前面加上 are ,就变为非限制性定语从句,此时 most of them 中的them 应改为关系代词 which ；）【考例】The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control.（2022 湖南卷）A. most of them B. most of which C. most of what D. most of that 【答案】B 【解析】此题考查 “介词
10、+关系代词 ”引导的非限制性定语从句；由于逗号之后是一个完整的句子,先行词 factors 在定语从句中作 most of 的宾语,故用关系代词 which 代替 factors ,并且引导定语从句；假如此题中后面部分去掉are,就选用 A 项,构成独立主格结构；当非谓语部分是由介词 in 连接时,其前后的两个名词要么不加任何成分,要么同时加上冠词和物主代词；例如：The solider stood in front of the gate, 端着枪；四、考查 with 复合结构（a） gun in （his ） hand. 士兵站在门口,手里其构成是 “ with+宾语 +宾语补足语 ”；充
11、当宾语补足语的词是形容词、副词、分词、不定式、介词短语等；在 with 复合结构中,当宾语和宾补之间含有规律上的动宾关系,即宾语是宾补动作的承担者时,用过去分词；【考例】The old couple often take a walk after super in the park with their pet dog _ them. （2022 辽宁卷）A. to follow B. following C. followed D. follows 【答案】B 【解析】考查 with 复合结构； with 后跟名词或代词作宾语,充当宾语补足语的动词要用非谓语形式,故排除 D 项； follo
12、w 是 dog 主动发出的动作,故排除 C项；不定式表示将来的动作,而此处表达的是相伴发生的动作,故用 常在公园里漫步,他们的宠物狗跟在他们后面；B 项；句意为：晚饭后这对老夫妻经当宾语和宾补之间含有规律上的主谓关系,即宾补动作是宾语发出的动作,并且强调动作正在进行,用现在分词；【考例】 Come on, please give me some ideas about the project. Sorry. With so much work _ my mind, I almost break down.（2007 福建卷）A. filled B. filling C. to fill D.
13、being filled 【答案】B 【解析】考查 with 复合结构中作宾补的分词的选用；宾语 so much work 与作宾补的动词 fill 之间含有规律上的主谓关系,应使用表示主动意义的现在分词作宾补；名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页,共 5 页精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学而不思就惘,思而不学就殆当宾语和宾补之间含有规律上的主谓关系,而这种主谓关系尚未发生,或表示将来的动作或状态时,用不定式；【考例】With a lot of difficult problems _, the newly-elected president is havin
14、g a hard time. （2002 上海春季卷）A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settled 【答案】C 【解析】考查 with 复合结构中作宾补的非谓语动词的选用；依据语境“新当选的总统现在正处于艰巨时期”可知,仍有许多难题要去解决,应使用不定式作宾补；五、考查独立主格结构与其他结构的区分1. 与分词短语作状语的区分独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转换为状语从句；但独立主格结构转换为状语从句后,它有自己的规律主语,与主句的主语不一样；而分词短语转换为状语从句后,主句与从句的主语一样；例如：Time permitting, wed
15、better have a holiday at weekends. （=If time permits, wed better have a holiday at weekends.） 假如时间答应,我们最好周末去度假；（该题是独立主格结构作状语,状语从句的主语与主句主语不一样）Seeing from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.（=When we see from the top of the hill, we can find the city more beautiful.）从山顶上看,我们发觉这个城
16、市更美了；（该题是分词作状语,状语从句的主语与主句主语一样）【考例】_ in the fields on a March afternoon, he could feel the warmth of spring.（20XX 年安徽卷）A. To walk B. Walking C. Walked D. Having walked D【答案】B 【解析】考查分词作状语；“ walk”这一动作是其规律主语“ he”主动发出的动作,且表示相伴情形,故应选用表示主动意义的现在分词作状语；A 项不定式通常表示目的状语；项分词的完成式强调动作在主句动作之前已经完成,与句意不符；C项是过去分词,walk是
17、不及物动词,不能使用过去分词作状语；2. 与独立成分的区分1）有的分词短语可以独立存在,在句子中没有规律主语；如：generally speaking 总的说来； judging from / by 从 判定； supposing 假如等；【考例】 _, the more expensive the camera, the better its quality.（ 20XX 年全国卷）A. General speaking B. Speaking general C. Generally speaking D. Speaking generally 【答案】C 【解析】generally sp
18、eaking 意思是 “总的说来 ”,是独立存在的分词短语,常用作插入语,已经变成了习惯用法；该句意思是：总的说来,照相机越贵,它的质量越好；2）有些固定短语是带to 的不定式,说明说话人的立场或态度,在句中作独立成分；如： to be honest （老实说）, to be sure （的确）, to tell you the truth （说实话）, to cut a long story short （长话短说）,to be frank （坦率地说）,to make matters / things worse（更糟糕的是）,等等；【考例】_ , the pay isnt attract
19、ive enough, though the job itself is quite interesting. （2022 浙江卷）A. Generally speaking B. On the contrary C. In particular D. To be honest 因此挑选 To be honest ,【答案】D 【解析】 句意为： 虽然工作本身很好玩,但是工资不够吸引人；意思是 “老实说,说实话”；巩固练习名师归纳总结 1. The fish _ bad, the guests left much of it untouched. 第 3 页,共 5 页A. tasted B.
20、 tasting C. to taste D. having tasted 2. Everything _ into consideration, they should give up the chance. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学而不思就惘,思而不学就殆名师归纳总结 A. to take B. taken C. taking D. to be taken 第 4 页,共 5 页3. _, we can go fishing by the lake. A. Sunday B. It is Sunday C. As Sunday D. I
21、t being Sunday 4. The new teacher felt more uneasy with the whole class _. A. stared at her B. staring at her C. being stared with her D. to stare her 5. Weather _, I will go on a picnic with you this Saturday. A. permit B. to permit C. permitted D. permitting 6. Her money _, she couldnt buy a train
22、 ticket for her home. A. stealing B. to be stolen C. having stolen D. stolen 7. The poor boy lay on his back, his clothes _ open and his eyes _ on the sky. A. torn; fixed B. tearing; fixed C. torn; fixing D. being torn;, fixing 8. Skins _ to sunlight too much time, you will suffer. A. exposing B. ex
23、posed C. having exposed D. to expose 9. Without anyone _ the way in that forest, you will certainly get lost in the coming week. A. leading B. to lead C. led D. being led 10. _, they had to get down to business. A. As there has no time left B. There was no time left C. There being no time left D. Th
24、ere to be no time left 11. The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, _. A. her long hair flowed in the breeze B. her long hair was flowing in the breeze C. her long hairs were flowing in the breeze D. her long hair flowing in the breeze 12. Its quite strange that the man sleeps with his mouth _
25、and his eyes _ . A. closed; open B. closed; opened C. closing; open D. closing; opening 13. _, Tom has little time to play with his little daughter. A. As a lot of work to do B. Since a lot of work to do C. With a lot of work to do D. There is a lot of work to do 14. She stood there, _ from her chee
26、ks. A. tears rolling down B. tears rolled down C. with tears rolled down D. tears rolling down 15. _, we all went home happily. A. Goodbye was said B. Goodbye had been said C. Goodbye said D. When goodbye said 16. John tried dividing the labor, each worker _ a separate task. A. assigning B. assigned
27、 C. was assigned D. would be assigned 17. The lecture _, he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speaker. A. began B. beginning C. having begun D. being beginning 18. Such _ the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints. A. being B. is C. was D.
28、to be 19. Darkness _ in, the young people lingered on merrymaking. A. set B. setting C. has set D. was set 20. With all factors _, we think this program may excel all the others in achieving the goal. A. being considered B. considering C. considered D. are considered 21. A new technique _, the outpu
29、t as a whole increased by 20 percent. A. to have been worked out B. having worked out C. working out D. having been worked out 22. On the top was the clear outline of a great wolf sitting still, ears _, alert, listening. A. pointed B. pointing C. are pointed D. are pointing 23. Walter offered us a l
30、ift when he was leaving the office, but our work _, we refused the offer. A. not being finished B. not having finished C. had not been finished D. was not finished 24. There are various kinds of metals, each _ its own properties. - - - - - - -精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 学而不思就惘,思而不学就殆名师归纳总结 A. has B. had C. to have D. having 第 5 页,共 5 页25. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each _ one major point in contrast with the other. A. makes B. made C. is to make D. making - - - - - - -