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1、Four short words sum up what has lifted most successful individuals above the crowd: a little bit more.-author-date托福写作同义词替换词全集同义词替换词全集同义词替换词全集国内考生常用的表达更得分的表达方式名词1things that one tries hard to doones undertakings/ ones commitments2The fact is thatThe reality is that3joyhappiness/ delight/ enjoyment4
2、sadnesssorrow/ grief5dangerhazard/ peril (后面这个词语气很强，危险程度非同一般) 派生 dangerous；hazardous6educationschooling （指学校教育，家庭教育则用upbringing/ parenting）区分家庭教育的两个词upbringing是从孩子的角度说的，比如childrens upbringing；而parenting是从家长的角度来说，比如sensible parenting.7advertisement/ advertising如果你写过关于广告的题目，就一定体会过不停轮换使用advertisement/
3、advertising有多郁闷。其实主体段论证中完全可以把广告类细化，比如commercials（电视或者互联网上的广告），flyers（传单广告，北京最常见的形式就是“135*，办证”），billboards（大幅的广告牌）或者non-profit advertisements=public-interest advertisements （公益广告）8carautomobile9economic crisiseconomic meltdown（很接近）/recession（这个一般仅仅还是衰退）/the Great Depression（这个则是特指1929年开始的那次了）10famous
4、 peoplecelebrities （单数为celebrity）11human beings（备考生使用过多）humanity（注意这个词的单数指人类，复数指人文学科）/the human race12wealthfortune(s) （fortune作财富的意思时可以加复数）13相关 richwealthy/ affluent (adj.)14skilltechnique(注意这个词的正确解释是技能或者方法，而不是technology科技)15派生 skilledadept/ adroit (adj.)16methodmethodology (国外学术写作中超级常用的词，基本就是metho
5、d的故作高深版）17fieldsphere/ domain/ arena18understanding of grasp of/ command of19choiceoption20cooperationcollaboration21basic structure in a city or a countryinfrastructure22tiredness for a long timefatigue23is a must ofis a prerequisite for （是的必备先决条件）24the Internetthe information highway(一篇考生作文里Intern
6、et被使用十几次是常事儿)25honestyintegrity26strong belieffaith (in)27aimintention28worriesanxieties (是的，这两个词的确都可以加复数）29influenceimpact/ repercussion/ implication30influence on each othermutual influence（类似的表达还有mutual respect, mutual trust和mutual understanding/ interaction between A and B/ interplay between A a
7、nd B31many different kinds ofa variety of/ a wide array of/ a wide range of32wrong ideas held by many peoplemisconceptions33fameprestige/ sterling reputation34rangespectrum35sense recognition36partcomponent （这个词不仅指零件，在学术写作中也经常指“部分”）37wise相关 sensible (adj.)38gapdisparity39a system for a particular pu
8、rpose a mechanism for40a solution to sth.a remedy for sth. （生活中经常指一种病的治疗方法，但学术写作中经常用来指某种问题的解决方法，注意搭配的介词不同）41bad students unruly students/ disruptive students42bad behaviorunethical behavior/ immoral behavior43organizations that help poor peoplecharities/ charitable organizations44differencedistincti
9、on45派生 be different frombe distinct from (adj.)46personindividual47personality disposition48businessesenterprises（这里指企业）49prices that are too highexorbitant prices50the rate ofthe incidence of（后面一般跟坏事儿，比如unemployment/ crime/ a disease）51intense enthusiasmzeal/ passion52cultural globalization（有过多人使用这
10、个词）global cultural homogenization53a thing that is necessarya necessity54a thing that is new and interestinga novelty55a thing that is rarea rarity56things that people are not sure aboutuncertainties57a world languagea universal language58friendscompanions59relaxation recreation60self-respect self-e
11、steem and dignity61respect sb./ sth.hold sb./ sth. in high regard62反义 look down ontreat with contempt = despise (v.)63self-controlself-discipline64criminalconvict65prisonerinmate66drinks alcoholic beverages67people who walk on the streetpedestrians68old generations in historyancestors69a person who
12、benefits from sth.a beneficiary of sth.70a disease that spreads quicklyan epidemic （注意这个词虽然是-ic结尾，却不是形容词）71a very unpleasant way of lifemisery72a task that requires lots of effortan arduous task73emotion sentiment74enemy opponent/ foe75narrow mindsinsular minds （狭隘的头脑或者观念）76a way to do sth.an approa
13、ch to doing sth./ an avenue towards sth.77hobby pastime/ diversion78progressprogression （经常指抽象的进步，比如写关于society/ career/ technology的话题）79failuresetback（注意作名词的时候中间不要加空格）80importancesignificance（当你用了一次importance之后，第二次不妨用这个）81dutyobligation（用于比较重要的责任）82difficultyhindrance/ impediment/ hurdles83pressure
14、from your classmatespeer pressure84citizens who can worklabor force/ workforce（都是总体概念，而且注意后面这个词的标准写法中间没有空格）85problems or diseases that exist for a long timepersistent problems/ chronic diseases86a life without regular exercisea sedentary lifestyle87resultconsequence （表示消极的结果更多一些）88thoughts considera
15、tions89the lack of knowledgeignorance （注意在地道英文里，这个词经常并不表示“忽视”，而是表示“无知”）90harm (n.)adverse effect91harm (vt.)damage destroy/ ruin （这两个词比damage程度更重）spoil（后面跟the cityscape/ scenery/ environment）undermine （后面跟抽象概念，比如stability/ social order/ harmony）jeopardize （后面跟抽象概念，比如ones future/ ones career）tarnish
16、（后面跟ones reputation/ image）sap/ dampen （后面跟ones enthusiasm/ interest/ confidence）92派生 harmfuldetrimental (adj.)93派生 be harmful to pose a threat to94bad luckmisfortune95troubleadversity/ dilemma/ predicament/ hardship96crimeoffense/ criminal act97youth crime juvenile delinquency98criminaloffender/ cu
17、lprit/ perpetrator99serious crimeheinous crime/ felony100a minor crimea misdemeanor101shortage (of)scarcity (of)/ dearth (of)102the only onean exception103places where animals livehabitat形容词104worrying disturbing105very popularprevalent/ ubiquitous106TRUEgenuine (truly a genuinely)107deepprofound （深
18、刻的，后面经常跟wisdom/ truths/ understanding/ impact/ thoughts）108strongpowerful/ mighty109weak vulnerable110hard-workingindustrious（注意不是industrial，而diligent那个词在美语中是个挺大的词）111very disappointinglamentable/ pathetic112be good (for)be beneficial (to) = be in the best interests (of)113be not as good asbe inferi
19、or to114be better thanbe superior to115uninterestingmundane （注意这个词其实再美国很多时候并不是“世俗的”意思/humdrum116manynumerous（注意要跟可数名词）117complicatedintricate118strangeodd/ bizarre/ eccentric（单weird有点过于口语化了）119cannot be turned backbe irreversible120produce useful resultsproductive121practical realistic122maturesophi
20、sticated （这个词指人的时候意思是思维成熟老练的）123selfishself-centered/ materialistic124proud （贬义）conceited125suitablefitting126most suitableoptimal127lonelyisolated/ alienated128alonesolitary129be easily influenced by sth.be susceptible to sth. （一般是坏事情，比如a disease/ attacks）130is better thanis superior to131not as go
21、od asis inferior to132be the samebe identical/ be homogenous/ be uniform（后面两个词比较正式，一般是说cultural globalization的时候常用，现在理解为什么小幅的名词叫school uniforms了吧，就是让大家都看起来一样的衣服）133interesting stimulating134boring monotonous/ repetitive135uselessredundant136smartintelligent137famousrenowned138positive desirable/ enc
22、ouraging139happydelighted140enjoyabledelightful141can be usedbe available142hard to understandbewildering/ baffling/ confusing143(laws/ rules/ people) not strictlenient144healthywholesome（注意说人的健康还是要用healthy，但是如果说事物有益健康，就可以用wholesome）145good for the envrionmenteco-friendly（比如Biking is far more eco-fr
23、iendly than driving their SUVs.）146nervous/ anxious apprehensive147doubt sth.be skeptical about sth.148fair justified149unfair unwarranted/ unjustifiable150hugeenormous/ massive/ vast/ colossal151smalltiny/ miniscule（后面一般跟抽象名词）152have many different abilitiesbe versatile/ be well-rounded153be famili
24、ar withbe well-acquainted with154very successful/ admirabledistinguished155properappropriate156typicalquintessential （这个语气非常强）157exactprecise/ accurate158uglyunsightly159poor-qualitysubstandard (housing/ accommodation/ work/ goods/ machines)160the presentthe current/ the existing（比如the current finan
25、cial crisis/ the existing environmental problems)161outdatedantiquated/ obsolete162highly-respectedesteemed163complete(adj.)/ wholeentire164spend a lot of moneylead an extravagant/ a lavish life165openenlighted/ progressive （开明的，逐步的，经常用来形容govern-ment 或者society）166sth. must be carried outsth. is comp
26、ulsory/ sth. is mandatory167with long historytime-honored（后面经常跟抽象名词，比如tradition/ practice/ methods/ heritage）168continuing foreverperpetual169importantsignificant essential vital(这三个词的重要性依次递增)170very attractivevery appealing/ fascinating/ captivating171very carefulcautious172be very interested inbe
27、absorbed in/ be engrossed in173be qualified forbe eligible for174disappointingfrustrating175wrongerroneous176long and a bit annoyinglengthy177very difficultdaunting/ formidable178being spread in uncontrolled wayrampant （后面经常跟负面现象，比如crime, pollution 或者discrimination）179cruel inhumane/ merciless180fat
28、overweight/ obese（后面这个已经胖出病了）181having wrong opinionsskewed/ biased （这两个词一般在IELTS媒体类话题使用，表示“有偏见的”）182including many thingscomprehensive （综合的，全面的）183enoughadequate/ sufficient/ ample/ abundant（注意这四个词的语气是逐渐递增的)184too muchexcessive185very littleminimal （注意不是minimum）186cause bad effectscounterproductive
29、 （其实地道英文写作里这个词不见得和生产有关，只要阻止人们达到目的，都可以写它counterproductive)187strictstringent （后面一般跟laws, measures或者rules）188urgentpressing (problems)189quiettranquil and serene （美语中这两个词经常可以连在一起用）动词190make sth. strongstrengthen/ fortify/ reinforce/ consolidate sth.191make sth. weakweaken/ erode （侵蚀）192make sth. bette
30、renhance/ better（很少看到国内考生用better当动词，其实在学术写作中better sth.是挺常见的表达 ）193make sth. worseaggravate/ exacerbate sth.194control(a negative trend)curb(crime/ pollution/ economic recessions)195stopcease196manage sth. regulate sth./oversee sth.197appearemerge/ arise （后者的主语一般是抽象概念，比如debate）198die outgo extinct19
31、9fail to seeneglect/ overlook200setfreerelease (prisoners/ stress)201begincommence/ initiate (后者跟抽象概念更多，比如initiate the conflict)202narrow/ bridge the gap between A and B(注意这里bridge作动词）反义 widen the gap between A and B203be forced to do sth.be compelled to do sth.204keep complaining about sth.grumble
32、about sth.205try hard to do sth.pursue sth.(ones goal/ones career/ business interests/ maximum profit/ hegemony)206do sth. perform/ conduct （注意这里的perform不是“表演”而是“从事”）207do not do sth.refrain from doing sth.208carry outimplement209turnintoconvertto/ into210decreasedecline/ dwindle（特指逐渐缓慢的减少）/ dip/ sl
33、ip (后两个词用来指短促的下降)211make a crimecommit a crime（注意作文中不要用make a crime这样不地道的英文）212commit a crime againrevert to crime （这里的crime作不可数名词）213punishpenalize214派生punishmentpenalty215spreadpropagate/ disseminate （这两个词后面经常跟information/ ideas/ belief这类名词）216develop fastflourish/ thrive217develop （这里作“培养”的意思cult
34、ivate/ foster/ nurture（这三个词后面经常跟和教育有关的名词，比如an interest in social issues）218相关fast-developingburgeoning219acceptadopt（注意这个词不是adapt适应，而是接纳，采纳的意思）220buildconstruct221gathergarner，但这个词只能用在很正式的意思，而且略有贬义，比如garner funding, garner support during the UN climate conference at Copenhagen222measuregauge, 比measu
35、re稍正式一点223teach sth.impart sth./ inculcate sth.（注意如果teach后面是人则不要替换）224startinitiate 多用于政府类话题225supportespouse，后面跟某种重要的事业，类似的还有动词champion（作动词不是冠军的意思了）和动词sanction（它作名词则变成了“制裁”）226praise compliment/ extol（后面这个语气很强）227support buttress/ bolster228prove/ confirmverify229creategenerate（一般是大规模的产生，比如generate
36、 employment opportunities/ generate tax revenue/ electricity) breed（一般是产生消极的东西，比如conflict/ crime/ resentment）spawn（一般是产生新事物，比如spawn inventions/ innovations）230use utilize/exploit231useagainrecycle232work hardwork assiduously233get acquire（注意acquire/ gain knowledge比learn knowledge在地道英文中更加常见）234consid
37、ercontemplate/ reflect on/ ponder235meetencounter，多用于政府，文化或者success这样偏大一些的话题236provide sth.afford sth. （在正式英文写作中，afford经常可以表示“提供”237needrequire（注意主语如果是人称则一般还需要使用need，但如果主语是事物，则可以改用require）238like sth. very much have an affinity for sth./ have a strong attachment to sth.239be unhappy aboutcomplain ab
38、out (v.)/ be discontended with (adj.)240ask forrequest241raiseelevate，就是正式版的raise，但只是“提高”而不能表示抚养小孩的意思242look like sth.resemble sth.243treatpoorlymistreat/ abuse244consider sth. valuablevalue sth./ treasure sth./ cherish sth.245keep maintain/ preserve（这个词后面经常跟 traditions/ cultural heritage/ wild anim
39、als/ natural resources等）246mix togetherblend/ combine/ synthesize247solvetackle/ combat/ address248noticediscern249understand to mean/ to beinterpretas（很多时候这个词并不是口译，而是把理解为）250choose sth./ choose to do sth.opt for sth./ opt to do sth.251achievefulfill (ones dream/ ones goal/ ones potential/ ones obli
40、gation/ ones promise/ ones task)252appear in large numberssprout up/ mushroom253make less seriousrelieve/ ease/ alleviate（作文中经常用到的搭配有relieve stress/ alleviate poverty/ ease the traffic congestion等）254payfor (ones loss)compensatefor255payfor (ones effort)rewardfor256make sth. fasteraccelerate sth./ s
41、peed up sth.257joinparticipate in258outweightprevail over（大家应该已经注意到了，新托福议论文的题目中经常出现outweight这个词用来比较事物的重要性或者利弊，在作文中最好不要重复考题中出现过的特征词汇）259contribute topromote/ facilitate（这两个词都是及物动词，所以不需要跟to）260prevent the development ofhinder/impede/ inhibit/ obstruct261find out identify262encourage sb. tomotivate sb.
42、 to263like sth. very muchadore sth.264dislike sth. very muchabhor/ detest/ loathe265hateresent/ hold a grudge against266limitrestrict/ constrain267avoid bypass/ eschew/ shun268is not limited tois not restricted to/ is not confined to（经常用来描述一个trend不仅限于某个范围）269be so surprisedbe astonished/ be astounde
43、d/ be startled270decidedetermine271move torelocate to/ have been relocated to272come fromoriginate from/ in273improveboost/ enhance（比如boost solidarity增进团结/ enhance productivity提高生产率）274wasteuse lavishly275attackassail （语气更强烈）276reducecurtail（多用于政府投资类话题）/diminish（多用于文化类或者发展类中的抽象话题）277increaseaugment（多用于政府投资类话题）278helpassist279help (n.)assistance280set upestablish281try to do sth.attempt to do sth.282try hard to do sth.make a strenuous/