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1、高效高效语语法法复习复习篇篇 第第1212节节 特殊句式特殊句式 强 调 1如果原句中谓语动词使用的是现在范畴的时态用It isthat。如果原句中谓语动词为过去范畴的时态那么用It wasthat。有时be前可以使用表示推测的情态动词构成强调句。It is not everyone that can draw well.不是每个人都能画得好的。It was for his eyes that we asked him not to read in the sun.我们是为他的眼睛着想才叫他不要在太阳下看书的。It must be Jack who let out the secret.肯定是
2、杰克泄露了秘密。2强调主语用人称代词主格，强调宾语用宾格。It was I who gave you the book.(不用me)是我给了你这本书。It was him that they telephoned.(强调宾语用宾格)他们打 给了他。3即使被强调成分是句子中的时间状语、地点状语、原因状语等，也不能用when，where, because, 要用that。It was in Athens that the 2004 Olympic Games were held.2004年奥运会是在雅典举行的。4如果被强调的成分有同位语，同位语也应提前。It was from him, our E
3、nglish teacher, that we learned this English song.我们从英语老师那学会了这首英文歌。5当被强调的是notuntil句型时，应将not置于until之前，主句由否认句改为肯定句。We didnt recognize her until she took off her glasses.直到她取下眼镜我们才认出她。It was not until she took off her glasses that we recognized her. 注意与下面一句的区别：此句为not位于句首，要主谓倒装。Not until she took off he
4、r glasses did we recognize her.6疑问句中的强调句型。其一般疑问句形式是：Is/Was it被强调成分who/that？其特殊疑问句形式是：疑问词is/was被强调成分that？Was it in the classroom that the meeting was held?会议是在教室里举行的吗？Who was it that broke the vase?是谁打碎了花瓶？7与定语从句连用的强调句型。Was it in the house where his grandfather once lived that they found the old pict
5、ure?他们是在他祖父曾经住过的房子里找到那张旧照片的吗？ Where did you meet him?你在哪遇到他的？ It was in the hotel where he stayed.在他住的旅馆里。(本句后省略了that I met him)8与其他状语从句的区别It was at 7 oclock that I arrived. (强调句型，强调时间状语at 7 oclock )It was 7 oclock when I arrived.(when时间状语从句。在7 oclock前无介词at)主要搞清楚的一点是：强调句型中去掉It is/wasthat后仍然是一个完整的句子。
6、而其他句型那么不行。9英语中常用助动词do、does或did强调谓语。He did go to the airport yesterday, but he didnt find you. 他昨天确实去了机场，但他没有找到你。【知识运用】填空题：1. It was in the classroom _ he studied that I met him.2. It is his mother _ often encourages him to try his best.3. It was the news _ her father would come back that made the gi
7、rl excited.4. It was at 5 oclock _ the teacher got up yesterday.5. He _ do that bad things to his brother last week.答案：答案：1. where2. who/that3. that4. that5. did1. Was it under the tree _ you were away talking to a friend? Sure. But when I got back there, the bike was gone. A. that B. where C. which
8、 D. while【分析】D此题很容易误选A，认为这是强调句型。其实此题的最正确答案是D。做好此题的关键是正确理解句中 it 的用法和意思。从上下文的语境来看，句中的 it 应是代词，指代 the bike，句意为：“当你离开去同朋友谈话的时候，你的自行车是在这树下吗？“肯定是的，但当我回来时，自行车就不见了。2. It was lack of money, not of effort, _ defeated their plan. A. which B. as C. that D. what【分析】C此题容易误选A，受空格前逗号的影响，误认为这是一个非限制性定语从句，从而误选了A。其实，此题
9、最正确答案为C，整个句子为一个 it wasthat 强调句，被强调成分为 lack of money, not of effort。由于句中插入 not of effort这一结构，干扰了许多同学对 it was lack of money that defeated their plan这一强调句的认识和分析。3. An awful accident _， however, occur the other day. A. does B. did C. has to D. had to【分析】B此题正确答案应选B，句末的 the other day 意为“前几天，所以句子应用过去时态，而选项
10、D填进去不合题意。此句有两个难点：一是句中插有 however 一词，分散了同学们的注意力；二是所填选项B为许多同学所不熟悉的强调用法。倒 装 高考湖南卷的单项选择题中倒装几乎每年必考，通常每年一道题。1here, there, away, in, out, down, up, off, back, now, then等在句首时是全部倒装。2介词短语或方位名词词组作地点状语位于句首，是全部倒装。注意：以上两种完全倒装结构中，主语必须是名词，谓语常是表示方位或转移的不及物动词，如lie, live, sit, stand, be, come, go, rise, walk, run等，主语假设是
11、人称代词或谓语不属上述动词之列，那么不用完全倒装。Here it rains a lot every month of the year.今年本地区每月雨量充裕。 3代词such作表语，意为“这样的人、“这样的物，应置于句首，其后全部倒装。Such were the facts.事实就是这样。4only修饰动词、介词短语、状语从句，并置于句首时，主句中是局部倒装。Only when the rain stopped did the match start again.雨停后比赛才能开始。注意：“only名词/代词置于句首不要倒装。Only he can do it.只有他才会这么干。5否认意义
12、的副词，如：not, never, neither, nor, seldom, hardly, little等置于句首时，是局部倒装。Hardly can I believe that.我绝不相信。6not onlybut (also)连接两个分句，not only置于句首，它所引导的这局部要局部倒装，但but(also)局部不要倒装。Not only should we study science, but also we should pay attention to politics.我们不仅要学习科学知识，也要关注政治。注意：假设not onlybut (also)连接两个主语时，句子
13、不要倒装。7not until引起一个短语或引导一个从句置于句首时，主句中要求局部倒装。Not until he was ten did he go to school.直至10岁他才上学。8so表示“也、“同样，位于句首时，其后要局部倒装。You can swim, so can I.你会游泳，我也会。【知识运用】填空题：1. Not only _ he _ (like) swimming but also he likes football.2. No sooner had he _ (see) the stranger than he shouted at him.3. My mothe
14、r has read the book, and so _ I.4. Only by working hard _ we _ (achieve) high grades. 答案：答案：1. does; like2. seen3. have4. can/will; achieve1. Then _ a new development that had farreaching effects. A. come B. coming C. came D. had come【分析】C句子为时间副词 then 置于句首的倒装句，came 为句子谓语。注意：这类倒装句的谓语通常是 go, come, fol
15、low, exist, remain 等不及物动词。2. Hard _ he studies, he cannot pass the examination. A. when B. how C. as D. while【分析】C考查让步倒装结构，其根本句式为“名词(不带冠词)、形容词、副词、动词等as主语动词。3. _ loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him. A. So B. Very C. Too D. Much【分析】A其余几项均有可能误选。之所以选 so，一是因为sothat是一固
16、定句型，二是因为 so loudly 后的 did he speak 为局部倒装，因为按英语语法，当 sothat结构中的“so形容词或副词置于句首时，主句要用局部倒装形式。省略、替代和否认 一、省略1动词后所带的宾语从句的引导词可省略，但当其带多个宾语从句时只能省略第一个引导词；宾语从句本身是一个复合句时，引导词也不能省略。They said that if they had worked harder, they would have done much better.他们说如果他们过去还努力点，他们将做得更好。2. 在I think/believe/hope/guess等作答语时，可以用
17、so代替其后的宾语从句。 I think she is a good girl.我认为她是一个好女孩。 I think so.我也这么认为。3状语从句如果表示让步、时间、地点、方式、条件等时，如果其主语与主句主语一致，且从句中又有be的某种形式时，可将从句中的主语和be动词一起省略。If invited, Ill go to his birthday party.如果(我)被邀请，我会去他的生日聚会。4并列句中常把后一分句与前面相同的局部省略。Our teacher looked angry, and we certainly were (angry)我们的老师看起来很生气，而且我们也确实是(
18、很生气)。5不定式的省略，只保存不定式符号to。(1) 在hope, like, try, want, wish, expect, tell, ask, advise, afford, agree, forget, manage, would like等动词后的不定式。(2) 在glad, afraid, anxious, happy, pleased, delighted, eager, ready, willing等形容词后的不定式。(3) 在want, allow, permit, persuade, tell, invite等动词后的作宾补或主补的不定式。(4) 在be going t
19、o, be able to, have to, be willing to, ought to, used to 后作复合谓语的不定式。6介词的省略，主要是和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，如 prevent sb. (from) doing sth., stop sb. (from) doing sth., have trouble / difficulty (in) doing sth., spend time / money (in) doing sth., be busy (in) doing sth.等等。7在比较级结构中，尤其是比较级和原级交叉使用时，常省略某一结构中的某些成分，从
20、而使句子简洁精练。这种含省略的比较级结构中，要特别注意连词后有主语或宾语时，连词要保存，否那么不保存。比较：She sings as well as, if not better than, her sister. She sings as well as her sister, if not better.她唱歌如果不比她妹妹更好，也跟她一样好。二、否认1否认代词的用法一直是历年高考的热点，掌握它们指代的侧重点和范围尤为重要。She has taken a lot of medicines, but none (of them) has cured her disease.(none of指
21、三者或三者以上)她吃了很多药，但是它们都没有治好她的病。Neither/Nor助动词名词/代词， 表示后者和前者一样不，其相反的结构为so助动词名词/代词， 表示后者和前者一样。I went to school by bike yesterday, so did my sister.我和妹妹昨天都骑单车上学。He wont attend the meeting tomorrow, neither will Mr. White.他和怀特先生明天都不参加会议。2否认前移时的反意疑问句也是高考的考点。当主语为第一人称I, we时，通常反问的是从句；而当主语不是第一人称时，那么反问主句。I dont
22、think Jim will pass the exam, will he?我想吉姆考试会不及格，是吗？Tom doesnt believe that his parents will be in support of his plan, does he?汤姆认为他的父母不会支持他，是吗？3有些否认结构中没有直接否认词，而是用一些特殊的词和词组来表示否认的意义。这种否认意义的用法隐藏在句子的深层含义中。含有否认意义的词汇和结构有：名词：absence, failure, lack, refusal, ignorance, negation, shortage等。His absence made
23、 his teacher angry. 他没来让他老师很生气。形容词及形容词短语：few, little, absent from, short of, far from, free from, free of等。副词：never, seldom, rarely, hardly, scarcely等。介词：against, beyond, but/except, without, instead of, but for等。动词和动词短语：fail, miss, stop/ keep/ preventfrom等。固定结构：tooto， anything but, would ratherthan
24、， by no means, in no way, under no condition 等。By no means will he take his fathers advice. 他绝不会听取他父亲的建议。He was too old to use the advanced computer. 他太老了用不了这么先进的电脑。【知识运用】填空题：1. I _ think he was ill because he was doing sports outside.2. He asked me to go out for a walk, but I didnt want _.3. If _ (
25、water)frequently, the flowers can allow visitors to have a good mood.4. Our school is a beautiful school, _ many families are familiar with.5. The trust of students is as important as _ of the colleagues. 答案：答案：1. didnt2. to3. watered4. one5. that 1. Everyone says you are a good student. You never s
26、leep in class, do you? _. A. Yes, never B. Yes, sometimes C. No, sometimes D. Oh, really【分析】B答句是针对 You never sleep in class, do you? 这一问句来答复的，Yes, sometimes.为 Yes, I do. Sometimes I sleep in class.之省略，其意为“不，上课有时睡觉。其余几项不合语境。2. They are different in form but _ in meaning. A. not B. no C. arent D. dont
27、【分析】Abut not in meaning为 but they are not different in meaning 之省略。3. Would you like to come for a walk with me? Id prefer _， thank you. A. not to B. to not C. not D. cant【分析】AId prefer not to 为 Id prefer not to come for a walk 之省略。注意：在该省略结构中，用以代表不定式的 to 不宜省去。4. Jane wont join us for dinner tonight
28、and _. A. neither wont Tom B. Tom wont, either C. Tom will, too D. so will Tom 【分析】Beither用于否认句，替代上文中的内容，表示“也。neither本身就是否认的，不需要wont再次否认。反意疑问句 除了“根本用法中涉及的，下面总结11种特殊的反意疑问句用法：1祈使句：祈使句后一般加上will you 或wont you 构成反意疑问句，用will you 多表示“请求，用wont you多表示提醒对方注意。 Mail the letter today, will you? 今天就把信发掉，好吗？ Try t
29、o be back by two, wont you? 尽量两点之前回来，好吗？假设陈述局部为否认式，那么反意疑问句局部只用will you。Dont forget to post the letter, will you? 请别忘了寄信。当祈使句为Lets时，反意疑问句总是用 shall we。Lets phone her now, shall we? 我们现在就给她打 ，好吗？2感慨句：感慨句后加反意疑问句时，其反意疑问句需用be 的一般现在时态的否认形式。 What a moving film (it is), is it? 多感人的电影啊，是吗？3当陈述局部谓语动词是need, dar
30、e, used to 且这些词被用作实义动词时，其反意疑问句须用do 的适当形式。 They need to move to the east, dont they? 他们需要搬到东方去，是吗？4当陈述局部主、谓语是I am时，反意疑问句用arent I 或aint I, 而不是am not I (可用am I not)。 Im a student, arent I /aint I?我是学生，对吗？5当陈述局部主语是从句、不定式(短语)、动词ing 形式时，反意疑问句的主语应该用it。 Doing sports is very important, isnt it? 做运动很重要，是吗？Tha
31、t he came late was impossible, wasnt it? 他迟到是不能的，是吗？7当陈述局部含I think (believe，suppose)that结构时，其反意疑问句须与从句的主、谓语保持一致，注意主句的主语必须是第一人称。 I dont think he will go there, will he? 我认为他不会去那里，是吗？(注意否认前移)He believed that he had lost his keys, didnt he? 他认为他已经丢了钥匙，是吗？(主句主语不是第一人称)8当have (has) 不是表示“有的意思，并在句中作谓语时，其反意疑
32、问句的助动词要用do, does, did。 He has three books, hasnt he/doesnt he? 他有3本书，是吗？(have意思是“有)He had his hair cut yesterday, didnt he? 他昨天理发了，是吗？(have 意思不是“有)9当陈述局部有have to 时，其反意疑问句要用助动词的否认形式。 They have to leave at last, dont they?他们最后不得不离开，是吗？10当陈述局部有had better 时，其反意疑问句要用hadnt。We had better go there by bus, h
33、adnt we? 我们最好坐汽车去那里，是吗？11当陈述局部含有情态动词must时，我们最好分析一下must的含义。如果must作“一定；要；必须讲，反意疑问句须用mustnt或neednt；而当must作推测意义“一定是；必定讲时，反意疑问句那么需根据must后的动词原形选相应的形式。 You must do it, neednt you？/mustnt you? 你必须做这件事，是吗？You must be hungry, arent you? 你一定饿了，是吗？You must know how to answer the question, dont you? 你一定知道如何答复这个问
34、题，是吗？He must have got the ticket yesterday, didnt he? 他昨天一定买到票了，是吗？He must have seen the film, hasnt he? 他一定看过电影了，是吗？He must have left before I came, hadnt he? 在我来之前他已经离开了，是吗？【知识运用】填空题：1. He must have finished his homework yesterday, _？ 2. There are many students in the classroom, _？3. Everything in
35、 his life is very important to him, _？4. Listen! They must be quarrelling, _？5. The old man didnt like the weather in the country, _？答案：答案：1. didnt he2. arent there3. isnt it4. arent they5. did he1. Alice, you feed the bird today, _？ But I fed it yesterday. A. do you B. will you C. didnt you D. dont
36、 you 【分析】B此题容易误选D。认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句。此题的下文语境“But I fed it yesterday(但是我昨天才喂过鸟)很重要，它说明上文是在要求对方喂鸟。另外，前一句中的称呼语 Alice 也是一个重要的信息，联系此信息和下文语境，我们可断定 you feed the bird today 是一个带有主语的祈使句，所以此题的最正确答案应是B。 2. I dont like him, _？ No, I dont at all. A. do I B. do you C. dont I D. does she【分析】B此题容易误选A，认为这是一个普通的反意疑问句：陈述局部主语为I，疑问局部主语也应是I；陈述局部为否认式，所以疑问局部要用肯定式。做此题的关键是要看下文的语境，下文说“No, I dont at all.(不，我一点也不喜欢)，这说明前一句是在询问对方的看法，所以此题的最正确答案应是B，它是 do you like him的省略形式，全句意为“我不喜欢他，你呢(你喜欢他吗)？