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1、英语被动语态中考复习初中阶段英语语法是学生学习的难点,其中被动语态更是令学生深感头痛,在考试中出错率也较高。一、被动语态的根本知识1什么叫动词的语态?表示谓语与主语之间的关系的动词形式叫做语态,分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。2被动语态的形式1被动语态的根本形式为助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词,即be done。被动语态的不同时态是通过助动词be的时态变化来表达的,其人称和数方面应与主语保持一致。在初中阶段要求掌握八种时态的被动语态和含有情态动词的被动语态,其具体变化为:一般现在时的被动语态:amisare done一般过去时的被动语
2、态:waswere done现在完成时的被动语态:have has been done过去完成时的被动语态:had been done现在进行时的被动语态:amisare being done过去进行时的被动语态:was / were being done一般将来时的被动语态:shall will be done过去将来时的被动语态:should would be done含情态动词的被动语态:情态动词be done 2被动语态的否认式:在第一个助动词后加not构成。3被动语态的疑问式:把第一个助动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号构成。例如:Where did they grow vegetable
3、s?改为被动语态Where _ vegetables _? ( ) (答案: were, grown)3 被动语态的用法英语中,一般在以下几种情况下使用被动语态:1不知道动作的执行者是谁, 或者没有必要或不想指出谁是动作的执行者。2强调动作的承受者, 此时如想同时指出动作的执行者,可用“by +动作执行者来表示。例如: Chinese _ by the largest number of people. A. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken( 答案:D )二、被动语态的中考焦点及复习策略1被动语态的考查形式可见于多种题型,如:选择填空、句
4、型转换、翻译填空等。例如: 据说在长江上又在建一座桥。_ _ _ that _ _ is being _ over the Changjiang River in Nanjing填It is said;another bridge;built 因此,学生有必要熟练掌握主、被动语态的相互转换:主动句: 动作的执行者主语 + 谓语动词 + 动作的承受者宾语被动句:动作的承受者主语+ be + 动词的过去分词 + by + 动作的执行者注意: (1) 有时 by短语可以省略。2主动句的时态是由谓语动词来表达的,而被动句的时态是由be动词来表达的。掌握了被动句的根本结构和主、被动句的相互转换关系,在考
5、试中就可以不变应万变。2被动语态的考查不是孤立的,而是与时态紧密联系的。上文已提到,初中阶段要求掌握九种被动结构,其中,尤以一般过去时、现在完成时、一般将来时和含有情态动词的被动语态在考题中出现频率最高。例如:(1) The boy _ to get supper ready after school( )A. were told B. is telling C. was told D. tells(答案: C ) (2) A lot of new roads _ built in the west of China( ) A. must B. must be C. has D. have (
6、 答案: B )因此,在中考复习时应注意熟记被动语态的结构,并与时态复习相结合,反复练习。这里介绍一种“错位相加法,可以有效地提高学生的学习效率。首先记住一般现在时和一般过去时的被动语态;现在进行时的被动语态: 现在进行时: am/is/ are + v.-ing + 被动语态: be + done 现在进行时的被动语态:am/ is/ are + being + done过去进行时的被动语态: 过去进行时: was/ were + v.-ing + 被动语态: be + done过去进行时的被动语态: was/were + being + done现在完成时的被动语态: 现在完成时: hav
7、e/ has + 动词的过去分词 + 被动语态: be + done现在完成时的被动语态: have/ has + been + done过去完成时的被动语态: 过去完成时: had + 动词的过去分词 + 被动语态: be + done 过去完成时的被动语态: had + been + done一般将来时的被动语态:一般将来时: will + 动词原形+ 被动语态: be + done 一般将来时的被动语态: will + be + done 过去将来时的被动语态:过去将来时: would + 动词原形+ 被动语态: be + done 过去将来时的被动语态: would + be + do
8、ne 含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词 + 动词原形 + be + done 含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词 + be + done3注意被动语态的几个特殊情况:1 带双宾语的两种被动语态形式: 把指人的间接宾用作被动句的主语,如: She gave me a book. I was given a book by her. 把指物的直接宾语用作被动句的主语,此时,间接宾语前需加介词to或for, 如: She gave me a book. A book was given to me by her. She bought me a present. A present was bough
9、t for me by her.Her mother gave her a new pen变被动语态A new pen _ _ _ her by her mother黔江填was given to (2) 原那么上,只有及物动词才有被动语态,但是,许多不及物动词加上介词或者副词,变成及物动词短语,这时也可有被动语态。此时应注意短语的整体性,即后面的介词或副词不要丢掉。例如: We should speak to old people politely. Old people should be spoken to politely by us.She will take good care o
10、f the children变被动语态 The children will _ _ _ _ _ by her 填be taken good care of3复合宾语的主动句在转换成被动句时,那些感官动词和使役动词如make,see,feel等后所省略的动词不定式to需被复原。例如: My teacher made me do my homework. I was made to do my homework by my teacher.Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday变被动语态 He _ _ _ swim in Qianling L
11、ake yesterday 填was seen to4. 不宜使用被动语态的几种情况:1有些动词如happen和动词短语如take place是没有被动语态的。2系动词没有被动语态。例如:The cake smells delicious.5. 熟记教材中与被动语态相关的固定搭配和句型。例如:be made of / from /in / by, be used for/ as 等。Your coat looks niceIs it _ cotton?YesIts _ Shanghai Amade of;made by Bmade of;made in Cmade for;made by Dm
12、ade for;made in 答案:B6.在实际课堂教学中发现学生在被动语态上出错的原因一般在以下几个方面: 1 中文影响根深蒂固,没有明了中、英文的差异。在汉语中有很多诸如“作业做好了、“黑板已经擦过了等等不用被动的句子,但这些句子在英语中都得使用被动语态:The homework has been finished. The blackboard has been cleaned. 局部学生没有明了中、英文的差异,按照汉语的习惯来说英语,出错自然在所难免。 另外,并不是所有的汉语被动句都出现“被字的。在汉语中,“受、“遭到、“让、“叫等都有“被的含义。相应地,在英语中也应使用被动语态。3
13、学生缺乏一定的做题技巧,常常不会判断是否该用被动语态。下面介绍几种被动语态的判断技巧供大家参考: 当句中出现by sb,with sth短语时常使用被动语态,如: The door was locked by me.门是被我锁上的。 The road was covered with snow.马路上覆盖着雪。及物动词之后没有宾语常需用被动语态,如: I _ (ask) to answer the question. 我们知道,ask是及物动词,其后必须接宾语。但在此题中,ask 之后并没有宾语。这当然不是题目出错了,而是ask的宾语I已经到句首当主语动作的承受者做主语,自然应使用被动语态:I was asked to answer the question.我被要求答复这个问题。当主语和谓语动词之间形成逻辑上的被动关系时应使用被动语态,如上文所提到的句子“黑板已经擦过了: The blackboard _(clean).“黑板与“擦之间的逻辑关系是:“黑板被“擦,故应使用被动语态:The blackboard has been cleaned.