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1、The Need for Relationships Extremely happy people (Diener & Seligman, 2002) Know thyself Lasagna principle revisited Extraversion and introversion (Little, 1993) Intimate relationships“There are few stronger predictors of happiness than a close, nurturing, equitable, intimate, lifelong companionship
2、 with ones best friend.”David MyersState of Affairs Divorce rates Failure to sustain love Novelty produces heightened arousal (Mook, 1987)Who is the fairest of them all?Fiction Versus Reality Does true love (really) exist?Fiction Versus Reality Does true love (really) exist?“Perfect love is rare ind
3、eedfor to be a lover will require that you continually have the subtlety of the very wise, the flexibility of the child, the sensitivity of the artist, the understanding of the philosopher, the acceptance of the saint, the tolerance of the scholar and the fortitude of the certain.”Leo Buscaglia Perf
4、ect love does not exist True love does existReframing Questions:The Case of Relationships Traditional psychology “Why do so many long-term relationships fail?” Positive psychology “What makes some relationships thrive and grow stronger over time?”Learning from What Works“At first, when I figured out
5、 how to predict divorce, I thought I had found the key to saving marriages. But like so many experts before me, I was wrong. I was not able to crack the code to saving marriages until I started to analyze what went right in happy marriages.” John Gottman“Cellulite and sexual potential are highly cor
6、related.” David SchnarchGrowing Tip StatisticsWorking hardStriving to be known rather than validatedAllowing for conflictAppreciating the positive1. Working Hard Cultivating versus Finding Movies end where love begins Living happily ever is the difficult part The “one right person” theory Cultivatin
7、g the “one chosen” relationshipBeing Together By Doing Together Superordinate goal (Sherif, 1958) Mutually meaningful goals“In the strongest marriages, husband and wife share a deep sense of meaning. They dont just get alongthey also support each others hopes and aspirations and build a sense of pur
8、pose into their lives together.”John Gottman Active love Relationship rituals2. Being Known Rather than Validated Intimacy as key to long-term passion Open up, share, reveal Express, not impress Also get to know your partner (love maps)Being Known Rather than Validated“Intimacy is about letting your
9、self really be known, including parts that you or your partner dont like. But its not just about letting warts be known. It often involves showing strengths youve been hiding, too. Most approaches focus on getting your partners validation and acceptance when you disclose. But you cant count on this,
10、 and if you try, it inherently limits self-disclosure because you wont say things your partner wont validate. Resolving gridlock requires intimacy based on validating yourself. Schnarch (1997)3. Allowing for Conflict No one right relationship (Gottman, 2000) 5:1 positivity ratio Conflict immunizes A
11、ccentuate positive; dont eliminate negativeLove Boosters Love is in the details Mini love boosters “60-second pleasure points” (Fraenkl, 2007) Extraordinary by focusing on ordinary Demonstrate interest Show affection (touch, smile, flowers) Pay compliments“I can live for two months on a good complim
12、ent.”Mark Twain Demonstrate empathy Make lovePositive Conflict Affective rather than cognitive conflict Challenging behavior, not person P: “You are so inconsiderate” B: “Do you mind putting down the toilet seat when youre done?” P: “You are such a slob; you promised to throw away the garbage ; I ca
13、nt trust you.” B: “It upsets me to return to a dirty home, after we agreed that you would throw away the garbage.”Positive Conflict Affective rather than cognitive conflict Challenging behavior, not person Avoiding hostility, insults, contempt Keeping disputes private Conflict in gay couples (Gottma
14、n, 2001) More positive, using humor and affection Not taking negativity personally Calm down and soothe one anotherThe Titanium Rule“Do not do unto those close to you what you would not have done unto others (whore not so close to you).”Deep Friendship“At the heart of my program is the simple truth
15、that happy marriages are based on a deep friendship. By this I mean a mutual respect for and enjoyment of each others company. These couples tend to know each other intimatelythey are well versed in each others likes, dislikes, personality quirks, hopes, and dreams. They have an abiding regard for e
16、ach other and express this fondness not just in the big ways, but in little ways day in and day out.”John Gottman4. Positive Perception Benefit finding (appreciating) Positive illusions (Murray, 1997) A self-fulfilling prophecy (benefit creating)“Not only does love perceive potentialities but it als
17、o actualizes them.”Abraham MaslowRefocusing on the PositiveWhat am I grateful for in my partner?What is wonderful about our relationship?Communicating about Positive Events(Gable et al., 2006) Responding to positive-event-disclosures Active constructive respondingCommunicating about Positive Events(
18、Gable et al., 2006) Responding to positive-event-disclosures Active constructive responding Win-win events Genuine responding Generating upward spirals (promoting positive) Building positive capacity (dealing with negative) Bem, D. J. (1996). Exotic Becomes Erotic: A Developmental Theory of Sexual O
19、rientation. Psychological Review, 103 (2), 320-335) Branden, N. (1985). The Psychology of Romantic Love. Bantam Fraley, R. C. & Shaver, P. R. (2000). Adult Romantic Attachment: Theoretical Developments, Emerging Controversies, and Unanswered Questions. Review of General Psychology, 4 (2), 132-154. G
20、ottman, J. M. (2000). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work: A Practical Guide from the Countrys Foremost Relationship Expert. Three Rivers Press. Murray, S. L., & Holmes, J. G. (1997). A leap of faith? Positive illusions in romantic relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 586-604. Schnarch, D. (1998). Passionate Marriage: Keeping Love and Intimacy Alive in Committed Relationships. Owl Books. Sternberg, R. J. & Barnes, M. L. (1989). The Psychology of Love. Yale University Press.Bibliography and Recommendations32 结束语结束语