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1、 Goal setting theory and practice Managing time From material to happiness perceptionGoals and Performance Focus “Being focused on a task produces organization for efficiency both within the organism and in the environment”Abraham Maslow Resilience Beliefs as self-fulfilling prophecies (knapsack) Wo
2、rds create worlds Concepts conceiveConcerning all acts of creation there is one elementary truth, the ignorance of which kills countless ideas and splendid plans: That the moment one definitely commits oneself, then providence moves too.All sorts of things occur to help one that would not have other
3、wise occurred. A whole stream of events issues from the decision, raising in ones favor all manner of unforeseen incidents and meetings and material assistance which no man would have dreamed would come his way.I have learned a deep respect for one of Goethes couplets:“Whatever you can do, or dream
4、you can, begin it! Boldness has genius, magic, and power in it.W.H. MurrayGoals and Wellbeing Liberating Future goals as means; present experiences as ends The case of unhappy achieversHappiness is not about making it to the peak of the mountain, nor is it about climbing aimlessly around the mountai
5、n; happiness is the experience of climbing toward the peak.“Contemporary researchers emphasize that it is the process of striving after goalsrather than goal attainment per sethat is crucial for happiness and positive affectivity.”David Watson“Happiness grows less from the passive experience of desi
6、rable circumstances than from involvement in valued activities and progress toward ones goals.”Myers & DienerLive not for battles won.Live not for the-end-of-the-song.Live for the along.Gwendolyn BrooksSelf-Concordant Goals Aligned with personal interests and values Freely chosen goals Want to vs. H
7、ave to “What do you really, really want to do?”Life is too short to do what I have to do; its barely long enough to do what I want to do.“Becoming self concordant is a difficult skill, requiring both accurate self-perceptual abilities and the ability to resist social pressures that may sometimes pus
8、h one in inappropriate directions.”Sheldon & Houser-Marco (2001)The Benefits of Self-Concordance Increase in wellbeing“Having a strong sense of controlling ones life is a more dependable predictor of positive feelings of well-being than any of the objective conditions of life we have considered.”Ang
9、us CampbellThe Benefits of Self-Concordance Increase in wellbeing Increased likelihood of success Entering a positive upward spiral Trickle effect“Individuals pursuing self-concordant goals were ultimately able to exceed the level of academic achievement predicted by their ACT scores, even though mo
10、st goals were not directly class- or grade-related. This finding suggests that those people who can identify sets of goals that well represent their implicit interests and values are indeed able to function more efficiently, flexibly, and integratively across all areas of their lives.”Sheldon & Elio
11、t (1999)The Benefits of Self-Concordance Increase in wellbeing Increased likelihood of success Entering a positive upward spiral Trickle effect Health (Langer, 1989) Freedom vs. oppressionWork OrientationMotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBCAREERCALLINGWork OrientationMotivationWork as
12、Expectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERCALLINGWork OrientationMotivationWork asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERMoney and advancementRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLINGWork OrientationMotivation
13、Work asExpectation Looking forward toJOBPaycheckChore / necessityNoneFriday / vacationCAREERMoney and advancementRacePrestige and powerNext promotionCALLING Thing in itself / self-concordant goalsMission / vocation / passion / privilegeBetter world / fulfillmentMore work“The most beautiful fate, the
14、 most wonderful good fortune that can happen to any human being, is to be paid for doing that which he passionately loves to do.”Abraham MaslowThe Three Question Process (TQP) What is meaningful to me? What is important to me? What is pleasurable to me? What do I enjoy doing? What are my strengths?
15、What am I good at? STRENGTHS Problem solving Children PLEASURE MEANING Facility for language Enthusiasm Sailing Cooking Reading Political activism Music Flow (Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi) High performance and high satisfaction Motivation Creativity Self-esteem Happiness“A dynamic state that characterize
16、s consciousness when experience is attended to for its own sake.”Task DifficultySkill LevelFlowAnxietyFrustrationBoredomOptimal Levels of ChallengeToo Easy? The need for challenge (Bexton et al., 1954) Stretch goals (Locke, 2002)“The best moments usually occur when a persons body or mind is stretche
17、d to its limits in a voluntary effort to accomplish something difficult and worthwhile”Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Big, hairy, audacious goals (Collins & Porras, 1994)The Underprivilege of Privilege“It is doubtful whether any heavier curse could be imposed on man than the complete gratification of all h
18、is wishes without effort on his part, leaving nothing for his hopes, desires or struggles.” Samuel SmilesThe Underprivilege of Privilege Pressure to be happy “What right do I have to be unhappy?” Feeling of inadequacy and guilt on top of pain Emotions as the great equalizer Permission to be humanToo
19、 Difficult? Divide and Conquer (short term goals) Breaking down achievement (Langer, 1989)Pat Riley“People can imagine themselves taking steps, while great heights seem entirely forbidden.” Ellen LangerClear Sense of Direction Immediate feedback Written plan (Claypool & Cangemi, 1983) Specific goals
20、 (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1982) Setting lifelines (Tami, 1999) goals in-spire goals are life-enhancing“Sound, sound the clarion, fill the fife!To all the sensual world proclaim,One crowded hour of glorious lifeIs worth an age without a name.” Sir Walter ScottOvercoming Procrastination The 5-minute take of
21、f Reward yourself Go public The team approach Goals, plans, lists Permission to re-create“In a recent national survey of 13,500 college students, nearly 45 percent reported being so depressed that they had difficulty functioning, and 94 percent reported feeling overwhelmed by everything they had to
22、do.”Richard KadisonToo muchto doStress (feelingOverwhelmed)Depression“In a recent national survey of 13,500 college students, nearly 45 percent reported being so depressed that they had difficulty functioning, and 94 percent reported feeling overwhelmed by everything they had to do.”Richard KadisonT
23、oo muchto doStress (feelingOverwhelmed)Depression TBD: Too Busy Disorder (DeGenerous, 2003) Do less, not more“Love and sex are affected negatively by stress If we can help people to simplify their lives, thus reducing their stress levels, it is very likely that peoples relationships would be enriche
24、d greatly. Moreover, the positive aspects of their lives would be enriched accordingly.”Susan & Clyde Hendrick (2002) Do less, not more Quantity affects quality Say “yes” by saying “no” Optimum levels of simplicity“Work expands to fill the time available for its completion.”Cyril Northcote Parkinson
25、“I can do a years work in nine months, but not in twelve.”JP Morgan“Simplicity, simplicity, simplicity! I say let your affairs be as two or three, and not a hundred or a thousand; instead of a million count half a dozen. In the midst of this chopping sea of civilized life, such are the clouds and st
26、orms and quicksands and the thousand-and-one items to be allowed for, that a man has to live, if he would not founder and go the bottom and not make his port at all, by dead reckoning, and he must be a great calculator indeed who succeeds. Simplify. Simplify .” Henry David Thoreau Material as the hi
27、ghest end“Society tells us the only thing that matters is matterthe only things that count are the things that can be counted.”Laurence G. Boldt Counting activities Counting publications Counting money“The inherent vice of capitalism is the unequal sharing of blessings; the inherent virtue of social
28、ism is the equal sharing of miseries.”Winston Churchill Making the most of our blessings?1968: 41% to make a lot of money 83% to develop a meaningful philosophy of life1997: 75% to make a lot of money 41% to develop a meaningful philosophy of life Money cant buy you happiness (Diener, 1999) “The Dar
29、k Side of the American Dream” (Kasser & Ryan, 1993) lower likelihood of self-actualization higher levels of distress, depression, anxiety lower levels of happiness poorer physical health Replicated in Singaporean business-school (Kasser & Ahuvia, 2002) A caveatHappiness Perception“Happiness is the m
30、eaning and purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.”Aristotle“Whether one believes in religion or not, whether one believes in this religion or that religion, the very purpose of our life is happiness, the very motion of our life is towards happiness.”Dalai Lama Happiness as the hi
31、ghest end The ultimate currencyHappiness Perception in Our Lives“People seeking greater well-being would be well advised to focus on the pursuit of (a) goals involving growth, connection, and contribution rather than goals involving money, beauty, and popularity and (b) goals that are interesting an
32、d personally important to them rather than goals they feel forced or pressured to pursue.” Sheldon et al. (2004) Asking the right questions Framing makes all the differenceThe Happiness Revolution“Thousands of candles can be lighted from a single candle, and the life of the candle will not be shorte
33、ned. Happiness never decreases by being shared.”The Buddha Inside out (Vs. outside in) Non-zero-sum game Peaceful revolution Wars mostly over material possessions Governments role Creating conditions for pursuing happiness Ensuring freedom Educating“Everybody thinks of changing humanity and nobody t
34、hinks of changing himself.”Leo Tolstoy“Be the change you want to see in the world.” Gandhi“From the Son of Heaven down to the common people, all must regard cultivation of the personal life as the root. A disordered root cannot grow into ordered branches. If what is near is neglected, how can one ta
35、ke care of what is far away?” Confucius Csikszentmihaly, M. (1991). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience, 71-93. Harper Collins Publishers. Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as a central life aspiration. Journal of Personality
36、and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422. Locke, E. A. (1998). “Study Methods and Motivation.” New Milford, CT: Second Renaissance Books. Mumford, M. D., Schultz, R. A. & Van Doorn, J. R. (2001). Performance in Planning: Processes, Requirements, and Errors. Review of General Psychology, 5, 213-240. Sheldon, K. M. & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need-satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The Self-Concordance Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482-497. Self-test based on Stephen Coveys distinction between urgent and important: http:/ and Recommendations