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1、虚拟语气【 知识精讲】虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，疑心，猜想， 建议等，所表示的含义是不可能实现的愿望，与客观存在的事实相反。现将其用法总结如下：一、 虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的用法如果所表示的条件是真实的或极有可能实现，称为真实条件句，其主句和从句的谓语都用陈述语气。l If you work hard, you will be successful one day.如果所表示的条件不能实现或实际可能性不大的情况，就采用虚拟语气。虚拟语气根据它所表达的时间概念可分为如下三种：If 条件从句主句与现在的事实相反动词过去式be 用 wereShould/would/cou
2、ld/might + 动词原形与过去的事实相反Had + 过去分词Should/would/could/ might+ have +过去分词与将来的事实相反动词过去式were to +动词原形should+动词原形Should/would/could/might + 动词原形l If we had time now, we would read it again. l If we had driven in turn, you wouldnt have got so tired. l If it were to snow /should snow tomorrow, we should go
3、outing.注意1：在正式文体中，虚拟条件句中有were, had, should时, 可把if省略而把were, had, should放在主语前,用倒装结构。如果句中没有were，had或should时，既不能省略if，也不能倒装。l Were I to meet him tomorrow (= If I were to met him tomorrow), I should inform him about it.l Had I had the money yesterday (= If I had had the money yesterday), I would have boug
4、ht the book.l Should It rain tomorrow (=If It should rain tomorrow), the sports meeting would be put off.注意2： 通常情况下，在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的，但有时也可能指不同的时间，这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式,我们把这种现象称作错综时间的虚拟句l If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。l If I had taken my raincoat with me this
5、 morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。l If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. (从句指过去，主句指现在)。l If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. (从句指现在，主句指将来)注意3：有时假设的情况并不以条件从句形式表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语或其
6、他方式表示。我们通常把它称作含蓄虚拟条件句。常用的介词有：without, but for, under, with等。 l Without your help, we could not have succeeded.l But for the heavy snow, we would have arrived here yesterday.l Under such circumstances, I would have done the same. l With better living condition, the old couple could have lived longer.
7、在but ,or ,otherwise引导的虚拟语气中,实际上是由一个表真实情况的句子和一个表虚拟语气的句子的混合。l I would have lent the money to you, but I had no money yesterday.虚拟+真实l He was having a meeting; otherwise he would have come over to help us. 真实+虚拟l He felt very tired yesterday, or he would have attended the party.真实+虚拟注意4：虚拟语气在if it were
8、 (had been) not for句型中的使用，通常译为“要不是l If we were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life now.l If It had been for your help, I would have failed again.注意5：当If条件句的谓语形式为should + 动词原形时，主句的谓语动词既可以是虚拟语气，也可以是祈使语气。l If she should come to see you, tell her to wait for me.l If anyone should phone, p
9、lease tell them Im busy.二、“(should )+动词原形虚拟形式在名词性从句中的用法在表示“坚持，命令，建议，主张，目的和要求等含义的动词，名词或形容词后构成的that名词性从句都要求使用虚拟语气。其形式为(should )+动词原形,should可以省略也可以保存。1主语从句It is V-edIt is adj. that should + 动词原形It is. n.常见的动词有这样一个口诀：一坚持insist二命ordercommand三建suggestadvise propose 四要求demandaskrequestrequire除此之外常见的还有desir
10、eurgerecommendintend等。l It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish her homework this afternoon.常见的形容词有：important naturalnecessaryappropriateessentialadvisablebetter desirableimperative insistent preferablestrangeurgentvital l It is necessary (i
11、mportant, natural, strange, etc.) that we should clean the room every day.常见的名词有no wonder, no surprise, pity, shame等。l It was a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that you should be so careless.注意: 在主语从句的句式中，谓语动词使用了should + 动词原形的结构，是一种虚拟语气，表达的是一种惊奇,不相信的情感。2 宾语从句一坚持二命令三建议四要求以及desireurgerecommendintend等动
12、词后接的宾语从句或者由此类动词转化而成的形容词构成的以it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句中都要使用虚拟语气。l They proposed that all the plans should be discussed at the meeting.动词宾语从句l We consider it advisable that he should think twice before leaving.it为形式宾语的复合宾语从句注意：suggest 不表“建议的含义时，而译为“暗示 ，其宾语从句中不需要用虚拟语气，而要改为陈述语气。l Her pale face suggested that she wa
13、s ill.陈述句l They suggest that we all should go back now.虚拟语气insist 译为“坚持要做某事时，要用虚拟语气：但译为“坚持某一说法或观点就用陈述语气。l He insisted that he was innocent.陈述句l He insists that we should do the work at once.虚拟语气3 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气在一坚持二命令三建议四要求以及desire urgerecommendintend等动词转换的名词后出现的表语和同位语从句中要使用虚拟语气。常这样用的名词有:suggestio
14、nproposaladvice recommendation desire demand requirement order request等。l His suggestion is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits. (表语从句)l He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospitably entertained. (同位语从句)三、 虚拟语气在其它宾语从句中的用法1.wish后所接的宾语从句要求谓语动词用虚拟语气，其主要形式有三种：表示与现在的情况相反； wish + 主语 +动词的过去式
15、表示与过去的情况相反：wish + 主语 + had +过去分词表示与将来的情况相反：wish + 主语 + would/could/might + 动词原形l I wish I were a bird.l I wish you would come tomorrowl I wish she had taken my advice yesterday.注：在表示对过去情况的虚拟时，有时也可以用到如下的形式：“wish + 主语 + would/could + 动词原形，表示过去未曾实现的愿望。l I wish that I could have done the work yesterday.
16、2expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词用于否认句或疑问句时，其后的宾语从句一般用should+动词原形，表示惊奇、疑心或不满等，should不能省略。l I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 没料到这桩新公寓竟这么小。l He couldnt believe that his hometown should have gone through such great changes.他简直不敢相信他的家乡居然发生了那么大的变化。四、 虚拟语气在特殊句式中的用法1、由as if /a
17、s though 后使用虚拟语气的用法，从句所设想的时间与主句动作同时发生,从句动词用过去式(be用were) l It looks as if she were sick.l He talked as though he knew the girl 从句所设想的时间动作于主句谓语发生,从句动词用had+过去分词. l I feel as if we had known each other for yearsl He talks about pyramids as though he had seen them himself注：当as if/though 所接的从句中所表达的情况是可能发生
18、的或可能被设想为真实的，也常使用陈述语气。l It looks as if its going to rain.l The milk smells as if it is sour.2 、 if only 后接感慨句时要求使用虚拟语气，表示愿望。译为“要是就好了！其形式主要有以下三种：表示与现在的情况相反；If only +主语+动词的过去式表示与过去的情况相反：If only+主语+ had +过去分词表示与将来的情况相反：If only +主语+ would/could/might + 动词原形l If only I had a big house!l If only I had not
19、been busy last week!l If only she could marry me！注：if only也可以用于虚拟条件句中。l If only I had more money, I could buy a car.3 、would rather, had better, would sooner后的句子要求使用虚拟语气,表示主语的主观愿望和选择。译为“宁愿，最好。其形式主要有以下两种：表示与现在或将来的情况相反：would rather /would sooner + 主语 + 谓语动词过去式表示与过去的情况相反：would rather /would sooner + 主语
20、 + 动词过去完成式l I would rather you did it today.l I would rather you had never been there. 注意：would rather, had better, would sooner接动词原形, 指现在或将来的时间, 表示主语的主观愿望和选择l I would rather stay here.l You had better not go dancing tonight4、在句型“It is (high/ about) time后面也可以跟虚拟语气，从句中常用过去式,有时也用“should+ 动词原形， 其中shoul
21、d不能省掉,译为“该是的时候了。l It is time that the boy should get up.l It is time that the weather improved.5. 用虚拟语气表达过去原打算干，却未曾实现的愿望、打算或意图。主要用于以下几种形式：had hoped to do=hoped to have done.类似的词还有：expectthink intenddesign planmean suppose等l I had meant to go away but I couldnt get rid of the children.l He hoped to h
22、ave come, but he was too busy at that time.would likepreferlove to have done l I would like to have given you a call, but I forgot.waswere to have donel Mr. Smith was to give the first talk, but he came late.l The plane was to have taken off at three, but something went wrong.was/were supposed to ha
23、ve donel They were supposed to have come here at noon, but they were late.【真题演练】1Its hard for him to imagine what I would be doing today if I _ in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox library in my home town. A. wouldnt have fallen B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall 【解析】：B。此
24、题考察的是If条件状语从句中的时间错综虚拟语气，主句表达的动作和目前事实相反，而从句表达的是一个和过去事实相反的假设，因此应使用过去完成时态，答案选B。2- Its many years since I saw you last time . I _ you at all. -I wouldnt have, either, if someone _you by the name. A. didnt recognize; hadnt called B. didnt recognize; didnt call C. havent recognized; didnt call D. recogniz
25、ed; had called 【解析】：A。此句考察If条件句状语从句的虚拟语气,由主句可知从句中谓语要用hadnt called! 句意为：如果没人叫你的名子，我也不会认出你来！与过去事实相反。3When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it _. (NMET 95) A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken 【解析】： C。此题考查的是as if 引导的让步状语从句中的语气问题，as if引导的状语从句如果与事实一致，不用虚拟语气，如果与事
26、实相反，应用虚拟语气。题中“当铅笔的一局部浸在水中，铅笔看上去好似断了。而实际上铅笔并未断，与事实相反，前半局部陈述是一般现在时，因而本句是对一般现在时的虚拟，用were broken。 4. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she_, she would have met my brother. (NMET 94) A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come 【解析】：D。此题考查的是if条件句中的虚拟语气。题意是：我在会议上没看到你姐姐，故你姐姐没来。因此如果“她来了与事实相反，前面一句交代了
27、虚拟语气的时态是一般过去时的虚拟，所以if从句中用had+过去分词。 5. If he _, he _that food. Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately. (NMET 93) A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken 【解析】：B。此题考查的是条件状语从句与主句表示与事实相反时虚拟语
28、气的用法。根据下一句语境可知，他事先并没有得到警告，表示过去时间的虚拟语气，应选B 6 . I was really anxious about you You home without a word (NMET) A mustnt leave B. shouldnt have left C couldnt have left D .neednt leave 【解析】：B。 should not have done ought not to have done：表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。本句译为 “本不应该离家出走却走了，故此题选B。7. I told Sally how to g
29、et here, but perhaps I for her (NMET94) Ahad to write it out Bmust have written it out Cshould have written it out D. ought to write it out 【解析】：C。should have done ought to have done：表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。分析题意可知此题应选C。8. _, I should ask them some questions. A. Should they come to us B. If they come to us C. Were they come to us D. Had they come to us 【解析】：A。此题考察的是If条件虚拟语气的倒装,从句中如果有should, were, had,的，可以先提前到句首并省略If。这个题表示的是跟将来相反的虚拟语气。