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1、专题限时集训 (十八 )阅读理解主旨大意题(对应学生用书第 151 页) 加的为主旨大意题A【导学号： 25874074】(2017 南京、盐城高三二模 )Last year Congress issued a moral call to action when it ordered the National Institutes of Health to reevaluate its ethical oversight(伦理上的疏忽 )of government-funded primate(灵长类 )research.Although the scientific community wi
2、dely sees nonhuman primates as essential for advances in biomedicine(they have caused major gains in the fights against AIDS and neurological diseases such as Parkinsons，for example)，researchers agree more can be done to treat the animals more humanely and conduct research less wastefully.To that en
3、d，the NIH gathered famous scientists last September to discuss the future of primate- based research and they agreed that data sharing is the way forward. Researchers could reduce experiments on nonhuman primates by studying data that have already been collected to answer new questions ，says David O
4、Connor，a pathologist at the University of Wisconsin Madison.OConnor is walking_the_walk：his laboratory studies the Zika virus in primates，and he immediately posts all the results online.The goal is to figure out ways to fight Zika as quickly as possible without placing an undue burden on research pr
5、imates.The Seattle-based Allen Institute for Brain Science， which uses rhesus macaques， small South Asian monkeys ，to study the molecular basis of brain development， also makes all results public.OConnor says this practice should be more widespread so that “researchers who are using this scarce but
6、vital resource can learn as much as possible from as few animals as necessary”Still，he is skeptical that data sharing will catch on because it would require a change in “normative behavior” sciences strong culture of secrecy ，in which data are kept under wraps until they are published in a peer-revi
7、ewed journal.One step toward full transparency is to follow the lead of human 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - clinical trials ，says Christine Grady，a bioethicist at the NIH.U.S.law requires most clinical trials to register o
8、nline and make their results public ，even if a study fails or is inconclusive.This ensures that other researchers can learn from a trial regardless of its resultsa move that could also safeguard primates against being used for the same thing twice.Nancy Haigwood，director of the Oregon National Prima
9、te Research Center，also says data sharing is “the way of the future” Her center hosts 4 ，800 primates to study a variety of human diseases.She currently contributes results from her center to OConnors website. “I dont see a drawback ， ” she says ， “We have to share data more quickly. ”【语篇解读】为了更人道地对待
10、灵长类动物， 在实验过程中减少对它们的伤害，研究者之间应该做到数据共享，增加实验数据的透明度。1What does Congress think of the primate research? AIt has done a great deal of good to advances in biomedicine. BIt is a huge waste of money to conduct research on primates. CPrimate- based research must be stopped for moral reasons. DProper attention
11、should be given to treating primates humanely. D考查细节理解。根据文章第一段中的“Last year Congress issued a moral call to action when it ordered the National Institutes of Health to reevaluate its ethical oversight( 伦 理 上 的 疏 忽 )of government-funded primate( 灵 长类)research. ”及“ .researchers agree more can be done t
12、o treat the animals more humanely and . ” 可知美国国会要求研究人员更人道地对待灵长类动物。 2.The underlined phrase “walking the walk” in Paragraph 2 shows that OConnor _Ais the leader in fighting Zika virus in primates Bis walking away from his own responsibility Cis carrying out what he has said he should do Dis taking a
13、tough road when posting his data C考查词义猜测。根据画线部分后面的内容可知他的实验室把所有的研究结果公布在网络上 ，这与他前面所说的研究人员可以通过数据共享来减少对非人灵长类动物所做的实验一致，所以此处指他在践行他说的话。 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 3According to OConnor，what might prevent scientists from sharin
14、g their data? AThe deep - rooted culture that data should be kept secret until published. BThe fact that scientists are reluctant to change their way of research. CThe requirement that most clinical trials should be registered online. DThe fear that they will be laughed at if a study fails or is inc
15、onclusive. A考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的“.because it would require a change innormative behaviorsciences strong culture of secrecy ，in which data are kept under wraps until they are published in a peer -reviewed journal.” 可知阻碍数据共享的是人们根深蒂固的文化，即在出版之前研究数据必须保密。 4What could be the best title for the passage? AThe Me
16、rciless Practice of Primate Research BTo Treat Primates More Humanely ：Transparency CTo Abandon Experiments on Primates ：Final Goal DThe Burden of Research on Nonhuman Primates B考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知，本文主要讲的是为了更人道地对待灵长类动物 ，在实验过程中减少对它们的伤害，研究人员应该和他人共享实验数据，做到实验数据的透明。所以选择B。 B【导学号： 25874075】(2017 无锡高三一模 )If you i
17、ntend using humor in your talk to make people smile，you must know how to identify shared experiences and problems.Your humor must be relevant to the audience and should help to show them that you are one of them or that you understand their situation and are in sympathy with their point of view.Depe
18、nding on whom you are addressing ，the problems will be different.If you are talking to a group of managers ， you may refer to the disorganized methods of their secretaries ；alternatively if you are addressing secretaries ，you may want to comment on their disorganized bosses. Here is an example，which
19、 I heard at a nurses convention，of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors.A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St.Peter.He sees wonderful accommodations，名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 8
20、页 - - - - - - - - - beautiful gardens ，sunny weather ，and so on.Everyone is very peaceful ，polite and friendly until ，waiting in line for lunch ，the new arrival is suddenly pushed aside by a man in a white coat ，who rushes to the head of the line ，grabs his food and stomps( 重踏)over to a table by him
21、self. “Who is that？” the new arrival asks St.Peter. “ Oh，thats God， ” comes the reply ， “but sometimes he thinks hes a doctor. ”If you are part of the group which you are addressing ，you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are common to all of you and itll be appropriate
22、 for you to make a passing remark about the uneatable canteen food or the chairmans notorious(臭名昭著的 )bad taste in ties.With other audiences you mustnt attempt to cut in with humor as they will resent an outsider making remarks about their canteen or their chairman.You will be on safer ground if you
23、stick to scapegoats( 替身)like the Post Office or the telephone system. If you feel awkward being humorous，you must practice so that it becomes more natural.Include a few casual and apparently off- the- cuff(即兴)remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner.Often its the delivery which
24、 causes the audience to smile，so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a light- hearted remark. Look for the humor.It often comes from the unexpected.A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you dont succeed ， give up”or a play on
25、 words or a situation.Search for exaggeration and understatements( 轻描淡写 )Look at your talk and pick out a few words or sentences which you can turn about and inject with humor. 【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。 文章主要阐述如何在你的谈话中有效地使用幽默。5To make your humor work，you should _ Atake advantage of different kinds of audience B
26、make fun of the disorganized people Caddress different problems to different people Dshow sympathy for your listeners C考查细节理解。根据第一段中的 “Depending on whom you are addressing ，the problems will be different.”可知，根据听众的不同 ，你必须与不同的人谈论不同的问题。故答案为C。 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精
27、心整理 - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - 6In the eyes of nurses ，the joke about doctors implies that they are _ Aimpolite to new arrivals Bentitled(有资格)to some privileges Cvery conscious of their godlike role Dvery busy even during lunch hours C考查推理判断。根据第二段的内容尤其是“ the new arrival is suddenly
28、pushed aside .a doctor ” 可知，在护士眼中 ，医生感受到了他们神一样的地位。故答案为 C。 7It can be inferred from the text that public services _ Ahave benefited many people Bare the focus of public attention Care an inappropriate subject for humor Dhave often been the laughing stock D考查推理判断。根据第三段中的“You will be on safer ground if
29、 you stick to scapegoats( 替身 )like the Post Office or the telephone system. ”可知， 如果你选择去评论邮局系统或电话系统这样的“替罪羊 ”， 那你就会更安全。由此可知，公共事业经常会成为笑柄。故答案为D。 8.The best title for the text may be _ AEffective ways to use humor BAn appropriate topic matters in humor CHow to add humor to speech DCasualness makes for na
30、tural humor A考查主旨大意。根据全文来看，文章主要讨论的是如何在谈话中有效地使用幽默。故答案为A。 C(2017 苏州高三一模 )Robotic surgery is one thing，but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another ，which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body
31、to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut，the possibility of which has just got a bit closer. 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 5 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - However，unlike the plot of one film which featured a microscopic crew
32、and submarine traveling through a scientists bloodstreamthis device could not be inserted into blood vessels( 管)because it is too big.While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past years，their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body.In a pr
33、esentation this week to an International Conference，Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in. To test their latest version，Dr Rus and Dr Miyash
34、ita designed a robot as a battery hunter，which might seem to be an odd task ，but more than 3 ，500 people in America alone，most of them children，swallow the tiny button cells used in small electronic devices by accident every year.To start with，the researchers created an artificial esophagus( 食道 )and
35、 stomach made out of silicone(硅胶 )It is closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid；the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials ，including pig intestines(肠)，and contains a little magnet.This is folded up and encased in a 10mm 27mm capsule of ice.Once
36、 this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body.In their tests，the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet ，and during dragging it along，the robot could then be directed towards
37、 the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus(肛门)After it ，the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing. The artificial stomach being transparent on one side ，the researchers were able to
38、see the batteries and visually control the robots.If not，that will require help with the help of the imaging system ，which will be a bit more of a challenge，but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed. 【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。 文章主要介绍了一款最新的可以被置于人体中给人类 “做手术 ”的机器人。9According to the passage ，the robot
39、operation will probably be able to _ Atravel through a scientists bloodstream 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 6 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - Bphotograph the body to convey messages to the doctor Center the body to deliver drugs or make repairs Doperate on
40、 a person outside the body completely C考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“ .being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs ” 可知，该款机器人能够进入到人体中输送药物或进行治疗。故答案为C。 10We learn from Paragraph 3 that _ Athe researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal Bthe robot took necessary drugs besides
41、 a little magnet Cdigesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children Dthe actual size of the robot may be larger than the capsule of ice D考查推理判断。文章第三段讲了机器人的实验操作原理“.This is folded up and encased in a 10mm 27mm capsule of ice.Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds”，
42、即把机器人折叠后包裹在冰块胶囊里，然后胶囊在胃里融化后，机器人会随之展开。故由此可推出机器人的实际大小比冰块胶囊的要大。 11What may the experiment mean to the medical world? AThe surgeries will cost patients much money. BPatients will suffer less for some surgeries. CFewer children will swallow the button cells. DA robot will be invented traveling blood vess
43、els. B考查推理判断。 根据第一段中的 “ .without the need for a single cut ” 以及第三段中的 “After it ，the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing. ”可知， 这种机器人治疗无须对身体动刀；且机器人可以输送药物到指定位置以帮助身体加快痊愈。故答案为 B。 12.Which can be the most suitable title
44、 for the passage? AAn Experiment on Robots BTiny Robot，Significant Role CThe Fantastic Robotic V oyage 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 7 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - - DThe Exploration of Robot Technology C考查主旨大意。文章第一段主要介绍了“ Robotic surgery” 的概念；第二段继续阐明主题并引出了新研发的可被吞咽的机器人；第三段具体说明了这种机器人的工作原理；最后一段总结了这种机器人的优势并表明了研究者们的展望。所以 C “奇幻的机器人之旅 ”作文章的标题生动形象。 名师资料总结 - - -精品资料欢迎下载 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 名师精心整理 - - - - - - - 第 8 页，共 8 页 - - - - - - - - -