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1、a 各类语法点知识点，高中英语1表语从句1 定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导表语从句的关联词的种类：(1) 从属连词 that。如：The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。(2) 从属连词 whether, as, as if。如：He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。注：
2、从属连词 if 一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如：All this was over twenty years ago, but its as if it was only yesterday. 这都是 20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如：It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, ho
3、w, why 。如： The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。解释：1 连词 because 可引导表语从句。如：I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。2 在一些表示 “ 建议、劝说、命令” 的名词后面的表语从句
4、中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如：My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。2主语从句1 定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导主语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词 that。 如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。(2) 从属连词 whether。
5、如：Whether he ll come here isn t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 1 页，共 14 页b (3) 连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why 。如：What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁
6、也不清楚。Whoever comes is welcome. 不管谁来都欢送。Wherever you are is my home - my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家-我唯一的家。解释：1 主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有：A. It+be+ 形容词 (obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如：It is certain that she will do well
7、 in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。B. It+be+ 名词词组 (no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that 从句。如：It s a pity that we can t go. 很遗憾我们不能去。It s no surprise that our team should have won the gam e. 我们没赢这场比赛真意外。C. It+be+ 过去分词 (sa
8、id, reported, thought, expected, decided, announced, arranged, etc.)+that 从句。如：It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing. 据说格林先生已经到了北京。It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit. 据报道中国又成功地发射了一颗人造地球卫星。D. It+seem, happen等不及物动词及短语+that从句。如：It seems that Alice
9、is not coming to the party at all. Alice似乎不来参加晚会。It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。E. It+doesn t matter (makes no difference, etc.)+ 连接代词或连接副词引起的主语从句。如：It doesn t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。F. 当that引导
10、的主语从句出现在疑问句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科学家将给我们作报告是真的吗？Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他们明天不来很要紧吗？G. 当主语从句出现在感慨句中时，要以it作形式主语，而把主语从句后置。如：How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子们这么安静真奇怪！2注意连接代词whoever, wh
11、atever, whichever 等引导主语从句的含义Whoever comes will be welcome. (whoever=the person who) 来的人将受到欢送。Whatever he did was right. (whatever=the thing that) 他所做的事情是正确的。Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. (whichever=anyone of you who) 你们当中不管哪个精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 2 页，共 14 页
12、c 进来将会得到奖3宾语从句1 定义：用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。2 构成：关联词+简单句3 引导宾语从句的关联词有三类：(1) 从属连词 that。如：He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。I know he has returned. 我知道他已经回来了。注：that在引导宾语从句时也并不是任何情况下都可以省略。在以下情况下，that不能省略。1 Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and 连接两个宾语从句，that宾语从句放在 and的后面时， that不能
13、省略。 ) 大家都会看出所发生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。2I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引导的宾语从句作介词宾语时，that不能省略。 ) 对他我一无所知，只知道他是南方人。3That he ever said such a thing I simply don t believe. (that 从句位于句首时，that不可省略。 ) 我简直不相信他曾说过这样的话。4 We decided, in view of his special circumstances, that we would a
14、dmit him for a probationary period. (主句谓语动词与that从句之间有插入语，that不可省略。 ) 鉴于他的特殊情况，我们决定应允他一段试用期。(2)从属连词 if/whether 。如：I doubt whether he will succeed. 我疑心他是否会成功。I don t know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮助我。(3)连接代词 who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词where, when, how, why 。如：Who
15、 or what he was, Martin never learned. 他是什么人？他是干什么的？马丁根本不知道。I wonder what he s writing to me about. 我不知道他要给我写信说什么事。I ll tell you why I asked you to come. 我会告诉你我为什么要你来。You may do what you will. 你可做任何你想做的事。(1) 介词宾语从句宾语从句也可用作介词的宾语。如：He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day. 他对那天发生的事感到很不快。
16、精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 3 页，共 14 页d I walked over to where she sat. 我走向她坐的地方。I am curious as to what he will say. 我很想知道他要说什么。Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it. 你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。有时介词可以省略。如：I don t care (for) who marries him. 我不管谁跟他结婚。Be care
17、ful (as to) how you do that. 你要注意做这件事的方式。解释：1如果宾语从句后还有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句后置。如：We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday. 我们认为小王昨天没来是奇怪的。He has made it clear that he will not give in. 他已说明他不会屈服。2作介词的宾语：连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语，只用在except, but, in后。其他一些介词的宾语从句如果由连词that引导，则需用 it先行一步，作
18、形式宾语。如：He is a good student except that he is careless. 他是一个好学生，只是有点粗心。You may rely on it that I shall help you. 你可以指望我会帮助你的。介词宾语不可以用which来引导，而要用what来引导。如：Are you sorry for what youve done? 你为你所做的一切感到内疚吗？3某些形容词或过去分词后常接宾语从句，这类形容词或过去分词有sure, glad, certain, pleased, happy, afraid, surprised, satisfied等
19、，连词 that可省略。如：I am not sure what I ought to do. 我不能确定我该做什么。Im afraid you dont understand what I said. 恐怕你没领会我说的意思。Im surprised that I didnt see all that before. 我好奇怪，我以前没看到过。Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams. 妈妈为她的女儿通过了考试而感到高兴。4连词 whether ( or not)或if引导的宾语从句if和whether引导的宾语从句可
20、以互换使用，但whether常和 or not连用，if一般不与 or not连用。如：I wonder whether it is true or not. 我不知它是真是假。用if 引导宾语从句如果会引起歧义，应防止使用if 而用 wheter。试比较：Please let me know if you want to go. Please let me know whether you want to go. if从句可理解为宾语从句，意为“ 请告诉我你是否想去” ；此句又可理解为条件状语从句意为“ 如果你想去的话，请告诉我一声” 。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师
21、归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 4 页，共 14 页e 5宾语从句的否认转移。在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句，有时谓语尽管是否认意思，却不用否认形式，而将think等动词变为否认形式。如：I don t think you are right. 我认为你错了。I don t believe they have finished their work yet. 我相信他们还未完成他们的工作。I don t suppose he cares, does he? 我想他不在意，是吗？6 宾语从句的时态变化规律：(1) 当主句是一般现在时态时
22、，从句可根据需要用任何时态。(2) 当主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能使用过去范围内的任何时态。但客观真理除外。如：The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun. 老师说地球绕着太阳运行。4同位语从句1 定义：用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。2 用法：同位语从句的先行词多为fact, news, idea, thought, question, reply, report, remark 等，关联词多用从属连词that。如：They were all very much worried over the fact that you were
23、 sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很焦虑。Where did you get the idea that I could not come? 你在哪儿听说我不能来？Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia. 德国已对俄国宣战的消息一大早就传来了。注：同位语从句偶尔由从属连词whether引导。如：I have no idea whether he ll come or not. 我不知道他是否来。连接代词 who, which, what 和连接副词 where, when, why, how
24、 亦可引导同位语从句。The question who should do the work requires consideration. 谁该干这项工作，这个问题需要考虑。We havent yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation. 到哪儿去度暑假，这个问题我们还没有决定。It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做了此事的问题。解释：1that引导的同位语从句与定语从句之区别that引导的同位语从句that引导的定语从句句法功能上 that只起连接
25、从句的作用，无意义。在从句中不充当句子成分。不可省。that替代先行词在从句中不仅起连接作用，还充当一个句子成分。如在从句中作动词的宾语时可省略。意义上从句是被修饰名词的内容。从句起限定作用，是定语如： The news that Mr. Li will be our new English teacher is true. (同位语从句， that不可省。 ) 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 5 页，共 14 页f 李先生将是我们的新英语老师这个消息是真的。The news (that) he told me yesterday
26、is true. ( 定语从句， that在从句中作 told的宾语，可省。) 他昨天告诉我的消息是真的。2一些表示 “ 建议、命令、要求” 的名词后所跟的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气should+动词原形表示。should可省。如：This is our only request that this (should) be settled as soon as possible. 这就是我们唯一的请求：尽快解决这个问题。测试：A. 用适当的连接词填空：1 It worried her a bit her hair was turning gray. 2. I have no idea w
27、e can do with these waste materials. 3. the doctor really doubts is my mother will recover from the serious disease soon. 4. It is hoped nature will never be destroyed. 5. do you guess will give a talk on English tomorrow? 6. - I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week. - Is that you had a few da
28、ys off? 7. Word came I was wanted at the office. 8. Do you know of them will be our new headmaster? 9. The teacher didnt tell me we were wrong. 10. Its generally considered unwise to give a child he or she wants. B. 单项选择：1 It was true Alice did surprised her mother. A. that B. what C. that, what D.
29、what, that 2. Does matter much he cant come to the meeting. A. it, if B. that, if C. it, whether D. this, whether 3. -What are you anxious about? - . A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. That we can succeed 4. The reason the little actress has been such a success
30、 is she is both clever and hard-working. A. why, why B. why, that C. that, because D. for, because 5. leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights. A. Who B. Whoever C. Anyone D. The person 6. I really dont know _ I had this photo taken. A. where it was that B. it was that C. where it was D. it
31、 was why 7. Dr. Black comes from either Oxford or Cambridge. I cant remember . A. where B. there C. which D. that 8. -What do you think of China? - different life is today from it used to be. A. How, what B. What, what C. How, that D. What, that 9. Give this to you think can do the work well. A. who
32、 B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 10. troubles me is I cant learn all these English idioms by heart. A. That, that B. What, what C. That, what D. What, that 答案 : A. 1. that 2. what 3. what, whether 4. that 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 6 页，共 14 页g 5. who 6. why 7. that 8. which 9. whe
33、re 10. whatever B. 1-5 CABBB 6-10 ACACD (5不定式的构成1. 不定式的构成不定式是由不定式符号to+动词原形构成，在某些情况下to也可省略。不定式一般有时式和语态的变化，通常有下表中的几种形式以do为例 ：主动式被动式一般式to do to be done 完成式to have done to have been done 进行式to be doing 完成进行式to have been doing 1) 不定式的一般式不定式的一般式所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。如：They invited us to go th
34、ere this summer. 他们邀请我们今年夏天去那儿。He stood aside for me to pass. 他站到一边让我通过。2) 不定式的完成式不定式的完成式所表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之后发生，它在句中可作表语、状语、宾语，有时也可作主语、定语等。如：She seemed to have heard about this matter. 她似乎已听说过这件事。I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 我很抱歉让你等了这么久。I meant to have told you about it, but I happened
35、to have an important thing to do. 我本来想告诉你这件事的，但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。It has been an honor for me to have traveled so much in your country. 对我来说，在你们国家旅行这么多地方是一件很荣幸的事情。3) 不定式的进行式不定式的进行式表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作。它在句中可以用作除谓语以外的所有成分。如：It s nice of you to be helping us these days. 你真好，这些天一直帮我们。He pretended to be listeni
36、ng to the teacher carefully. 他假装在认真地听老师讲课。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 7 页，共 14 页h We didn t expect you to be waiting for us here. 我们没料到你一直在这儿等我们。4) 不定式的完成进行式如果不定式表示的动作是谓语所表示时间之前一直进行的动作，就需要用完成进行式。如：They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years. 据说他们已经在西藏工作20年了。We are hap
37、py to have been helping each other these days. 我们很高兴这些天能互相帮助。5) 动词不定式的否认形式是由not或never加不定式构成。如：Try not to be late again next time. 尽量下次不要再迟到。He wished us never to meet her again. 他希望我们永远不要再见到她。6) 疑问词 +动词不定式：不定式和疑问词whether, what, which, whom, where, when, how, why等连用可以在句中起名词的作用，通常跟在tell, know, show, d
38、ecide, learn, wonder, explain, advise, teach, discuss, find out等动词后面作宾语，有时也可以充当主语、表语等。如：On hearing the news, he didnt know whether to laugh or to cry. 听到这个消息，他不知道该哭还是该笑。When to hold the meeting has not decided. 什么时候开会还没有决定。The most important problem is how to get so much money. 最重要的事情是如何搞到这么多钱。介词后一般
39、不直接接不定式，但可以接疑问词+不定式短语作宾语。如：Mary gave some advice on how to learn English. 玛丽提了一些如何学习英语的建议。I have no idea of how to do it. 我不知道该怎么做。7-ing分词的构成1. -ing分词的构成-ing分词是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。 -ing分词同样有时态和语态的变化，通常有下表几种形式以 do为例 ：主动形式被动形式一般式doing being done 完成式having done having been done -ing分词的否认形式是由not 加-ing分词构成。如：
40、Not knowing his address, I could do nothing but stay at home and wait. 不知道他的地址，我只好在家里等着。His not coming made all of us angry. 他没来使我们大家都很生气。2. -ing分词的一般式和完成式：精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 8 页，共 14 页i -ing分词的一般式表示和谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行的动作；完成式表示在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生的动作。如：Being a student, he was inte
41、rested in books. 作为一个学生，他对书本很感兴趣。Not having studied his lessons very hard, he failed the examinations. 因为没有努力学习功课，他考试不及格。3. -ing分词的被动式：-ing分词的被动式表示它的逻辑主语是-ing分词动作的承受者。根据-ing分词动作发生的时间，-ing分词的被动式有一般被动式(being done)和完成被动式(having been done)。如：The question being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。He
42、 never talked about his having been interviewed by the reporter. 他从来没谈起过他被记者采访的事情。Having been criticized by the teacher, he gave up smoking. 被老师批评以后，他把烟戒了。注意：在 need, want, require, be worth 等动词 (短语 )后，作宾语的 -ing分词常用主动形式来表示被动含义。如：Your shoes need cleaning. = Your shoes need to be cleaned. 你的鞋需要清洗一下了。Th
43、is book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一看。4. -ing分词的语法作用-ing分词一方面具有动词的性质，另一方面也相当于一个名词或形容词、副词，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等。1) ing分词短语作主语：Laying eggs is the ant queens full-time job. 产卵是蚁后的专职工作。Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。在下面两种结构中，-ing分词也作主语。为了保持句子平衡，通常用作形式主语，而把真实主语放在句末。如：It is no use crying over spi
44、lt milk. 作无益的懊悔是没有用的。Its a waste of time arguing about it. 辩论这事是浪费时间。在There is no结构中，通常用-ing分词。如：There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。2) -ing分词短语作表语：His hobby is collecting stamps. 他的爱好是收集邮票。The problem is quite puzzling. 这个问题很令人困惑。3
45、) -ing分词作宾语： ing分词作动词宾语。如：I suggest doing it in a different way. 我建议用另一种方法做这件事。We enjoy attending Miss Lis class. 我们喜欢听李老师的课。精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - 名师归纳总结 - - - - - - -第 9 页，共 14 页j -ing分词作宾语也可用在复合宾语中作真正的宾语，而用it作形式宾语。如：I don t think it possible living in such a cold place. 我认为住在这么寒冷的地方是不可能的。Do you
46、 consider it any good trying again? 你觉得再试一次会有好处吗？-ing分词作介词宾语，经常用在一些短语的后面。如：Im against inviting him to dinner. 我反对邀请他来吃饭。They don t feel like walking that much. 他们不喜欢走那么多路。He went to London in the hope of being a famous painter. 他去了伦敦，希望能成为一个著名的画家。此类短语还有很多。如：look forward to渴望， 盼望, be proud of以 自豪, be
47、 responsible for对 负责 , insist on 坚持 , think of 考虑，想到, dream of 梦想 , object to反对，抗议 , hear of 听说 , prevent from 防止， 阻止, keep from 防止， 阻止, stop from防止， 阻止 , be engaged in 从事于 , depend on依 *，依赖 , thank for 因 而道谢 , excuse for 因 而抱歉, aim at 目的在于 , devote to 献身于 , set about 着手做, be/get used to 习惯于 , be fo
48、nd of喜欢 , be afraid of害怕 , be tired of对 厌烦 , succeed in成功地做 , be interested in对 感兴趣 , be ashamed of对 感到羞愧等等。注意：在有些句子中，介词常可省去。如：I have no difficulty (in) communicating with foreigners. 我在和外国人交谈方面没有什么困难。He used to spend a lot of time (in) playing games. 过去他常花很多时间玩游戏。What can prevent us (from) getting
49、married? 有什么能阻止我们结婚？另外， -ing分词可以和一些介词如in, on, after, against, before, by, for, without, besides 等构成短语，在句中作状语。如：He left ahead of time without saying a word. 他一句话也没说就提前离开了。Besides cooking and sewing, she had to take care of four children. 除了做饭和缝纫以外，她还要照顾四个孩子。On hearing the news, all the pupils jumped
50、with joy. 听到这个消息后， 所有的学生都高兴得跳了起来。4) -ing分词作定语：单个的分词作定语一般放在被修饰词的前面。如：reading room 阅览室swimming pool 游泳池dining car 餐车sleeping car 卧车singing competition 歌咏比赛waiting room 候车室a waiting car 一辆等待着的车a sleeping child 一个酣睡的孩子flying fish 飞鱼the exciting news令人振奋的消息a boring speech令人乏味的演出-ing分词短语作定语应放在被修饰词的后面，也相当于