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1、精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页英美文学选读要点总结细心整理 英国 Chapter1The Renaissance period（ 14 世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. 人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是由于古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心, 人是万物之灵。3. Renaissan
2、ce humanists found in then classics a justificationto exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy. 人文主义者们
3、却从古代文化遗产中找到充分的论据,来赞扬人性,并开头留意到人类是崇高的生命, 人可以不断进展完善自己, 而且世界是属于他们的, 供他们怀疑,探究以及享受。4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists. 托马斯 .摩尔,克利斯朵夫 .马洛和威廉 .莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英
4、国。6. The first period of the English Renaissance was one of imitation and assimilation.英国文艺复兴初期只是一个学习仿照与同化的阶段。7. Thegoalsofhumanisticpoetryare: skillfulhandlingofconventions,forceof king1970uage, and, above all, the development of a rhetorical plan in which meter, rhyme, scheme, imagery and argument
5、 should all be combined to frame the emotional theme and throw it into high relief. 人文主义诗歌的主要目标是对传统习俗的娴熟运用,语言的力度与气概,而最重要的是进展了修辞模式,即将格律,韵脚（式）,组织结构,意象（比如,描述）与谈论都结合起来勾画出情感主题,并将其极为鲜明生动的表现出来。8. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England are Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, and Ben Jon
6、son.文艺复兴时期英国最闻名的戏剧家有克利斯朵夫 .马洛, 威廉 .莎士比亚与本 .约翰逊。9. Francis Bacon 1561-1626, the first important English essayist.费兰西斯 .培根是英国历史上最重要的散文家。(I) Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙 .斯宾塞10. the theme of Redcrosse is not“ Arms and the man,” but somethtiicn-g“mFoireercroemwaanrs可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结and faithful loves.爱情 ”。
7、仙后” 的主题并非 “男人与武器 ”,而是更富浪漫颜色的 “残酷战争与忠贞可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结11. It is Spenser s idealism, his love of beauty, and his exquisite melody thmaatke him known as “ the poets正p是oe斯t. 宾”塞的抱负主义, 对美的宠爱以及精致文雅的诗文韵律是他成为“诗人中的诗人 ”。(II) Christopher Marlowe克利斯朵夫 .马洛12. As the most gifted of the “ UniversityWits,”
8、Marlowceomposed six plays withinhis short lifetime. Among them the most important are: Tamburlaine, Parts I & II, Dr.Faustus, The Jew of Malta and Edward II. 马洛是当时 “高校才子 ”中最富才华的人,在他短暂的一生中,他完成了六部剧本的创作。其中最负盛名的是：帖木尔,浮士德博士的悲剧 ,马耳他岛的犹太人以及爱德华二世 。精品文档可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页13. Marlowe sgreatest achie
9、vement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama.马洛的艺术成就在于他完善了无韵体诗,并使之成为英国戏剧中最重要的文体形式。14. Marlowe s second achievement is his crenatoiof the Renaissance hero for English drama. 马洛的其次项奉献是他制造了文艺复兴时期的英雄形象。15. His brilliantachievement as a whole raised h
10、im to an eminence as the pioneer of English drama.他对戏剧进展的奉献是不行磨灭的,为此,它被后世尊为英国戏剧的先驱。16. The passionate shepherd to his love 激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘This short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics in English literature.这首短诗是英国文学诗中最美丽的抒情诗。(III) William Shakespeare威廉 .莎士比亚17. The first period of
11、 his dramatic career, he wrote five history plays: Henry VI, Parts I, II, and III, RichardIII,and TitusAndronicus;and fourcomedies:The ComedyofErrors,The TwoGentlemen of Verona, The Taming of the Shrew, and Love s在La他b戏ou剧r 创作s生Lo涯st的.第一个阶段,他创作了五部历史剧：亨利六世,理查三世 ,泰托斯 .安东尼以及四部喜剧：错误的戏剧 ,维洛那二绅士 ,驯悍记和爱的白费
12、。18. In the second period, he wrote five histories: Richard II, King John, Henry IV, Parts I and II,and Henry V; six comedies: A Midsummer Night s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Much Ado AboutNothing,As You LikeIt,TwelfthNight,and The MerryWives of Windsor;and two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet and Jul
13、ius Caesar. 在其次阶段,他写了五部历史剧：理查三世,约翰王,亨利四世 ,亨利五世以及六部喜剧仲夏夜之梦,威尼斯商人 ,无事生非,皆大喜悦 ,第十二夜 ,温莎的风流娘儿们 ,仍有两部悲剧： 罗密欧与朱丽叶和裘利斯 .凯撒。19. Shakespeare s third period includes his greatest tragedies and h-icsaslloed dark comedies. The tragedies of this period are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatr
14、a, Troilusand Cressida, and Coriolanus.The two comedies are All Ws ellThat Ends and Measure for Measure.第三阶段产生了莎翁最宏大的悲剧和他自称的黑色喜剧（或悲喜剧）,悲剧有：哈姆雷特,奥赛罗,李尔王麦克白安东尼与克利奥佩特拉 特罗伊勒斯与克利西达及克里奥拉那斯 。两部喜剧是终成眷属和一报仍一报。20. The last period of Shakespeare s work includes his principle romantic tragicomedies: Pericles, C
15、ymbeline, The WinterTsale and The Tempest; and his two plays: Henry VIIIand The TwoNobleKinsmen. 最终一个时期的作品主要有浪漫悲喜剧：伯里克利 辛白林冬天的故事与暴风雨 。他最终两部剧是亨利八世与鲁克里斯受辱记。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结21. Shakespeare s sonnets are the only direct expression of the poet都是莎翁直抒胸臆的成果。这些十四行诗s own feelings.可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归
16、纳总结22. Shakespeare s history plays are mainly written under the principle that nationalnuity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity.莎翁的历史剧都有这样一个主题：在一个强大英明的君主统领下的国家,统一是特别必要的。23. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elemen
17、ts are brought into full play.在他的浪漫喜剧中,莎士比亚以乐观的态度对 待爱情与青春,并将浪漫颜色渲染到极致。24. The successful romantic tragedy is Romeo and Juliet, which eulogizes the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness. 莎翁在其胜利的浪漫主义悲剧罗密欧与朱丽叶 ,颂扬了对爱的忠贞及对幸福的追求。精品文档可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页25. Shakespearegresates
18、t tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, KingLear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧是： 哈姆雷特奥赛罗李尔王麦克白26. “ The King s government must be carried onbut carried”onfor the good of the nation, not for the pleasure of the king . “国王的统治肯定要万古不变” 但是这种流传百
19、世万古不变的统治是有利于国家利益的,而不是只为国王自己服务。27. Thus, he finds no way to solve the social problems. In the end, the only thing he can do as a humanist is to escape from the reality to seek comfort in his dream. 正因如此, 他才无力寻求到医治各种社会痼疾的灵丹妙药,最终, 他作为人文主义所能做的唯独事情便是躲避现实,从梦幻中找劝慰。28. He holds that literature should be a c
20、ombination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. 他认为文学应当是真善美的结合,应当反映天性与现实。29. Shakespeare is above all writers in the past and in the present time. 古往今来,没有一个作家能与莎士比亚媲美,他对后世文学家的潜移默化也是无可估量的。30. Almost all English writers after him have been influenced by him either in a
21、rtistic point of view, in literary form or in king1970uage. 在他之后几乎全部的英国文学家都在艺术观点, 文学形式及语言技巧方面受到他的影响。31. Sonnet 18 is one of the most beautiful sonnets written by Shakespeare.十四行诗第十八首诗莎翁最杰出的十四行诗。(IV) Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯 .培根32. The most import works of his first group include The Advancement of Learnin
22、g, Written in English; Novum Organum , an enlarged Latin version of The Advancement of Learning.培根的作品可分为三类：第一类中最重要的作品有学术的进展（用英文著述） 新工具（是学术的进展的拉丁文增补版）33. One is the knowledge obtained from the Divine Revelation, the other is the knowledge fromthe workings of human mind. 他将学问分为两种： 一种是通过神的启示获得的学问,另一种是通
23、过人类用脑摸索而获得的学问。34. According to Bacon, man s understanding consists of three parts: histormyaton s memory,poetry to man s imagination and creation, and philosophy to man培根认为, 人类s r的ea认so识n.与学问分为三部分： 基于人类回忆的历史学, 基于人类想象力制造力的诗歌与基于人类理性的哲学。35. Bacon, as a humanist intellect, shows the new empirical attitu
24、des toward truthabout nature and bravely challenges the medieval scholasticist. 作为人文主义者的培根呈现了自己对于自然界真理的试验主义态度,并向中世纪的经院哲学家们提出挑战。36. Bacon s essays are famous for their brevity, compactness and powerfulnes培s. 根的散文以简洁,紧凑,有力度而闻名。37. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by biblical allusions, metaph
25、ors and cadence.这些散文不仅结构奇妙仍大量使用了圣经的典故,隐喻和基调。38. Of Studies 论学习Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实, 争论使人机灵。(V) John Donne 约翰 .邓恩39. The imagery is drawn from the actual life.诗中的意象都是从现实生活中提取的。40. His poems give a more inherently theatrical impression by
26、exhibiting a seemingly unfocused精品文档可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moods.他的诗歌给人一种固有的戏剧性,呈现了看上去零散多样的经受与观念,以及漫无边际的情感与心境。41. The Sons and Sonnets, by which Donne is probably best known, contains most of his earlylyrics. 歌与短歌是邓恩最出名的诗
27、集,囊括了他早期大多数爱情诗作。可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结42. In his gloomy poem“ Farewell to love,” we can see his d在isi忧llu伤sio的n诗me作nt.情中,我们就可以感受到他对爱情幻想的破灭。辞别爱可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结43. With the brief, simple king1970uage, the argument is continuous throughout the poem.谈论依附于一种简洁平白的语言,并贯穿于整首诗作。(VI) John Milton约翰 .
28、弥尔顿44. he was entirely occupied with the thoughts of fighting for human freedom.他头脑中布满了为人类自由而战的思想。45. Milton s literary achievements can be divided into three groups: the early poetic works, the middle prose pamphlets and the great poem. 弥尔顿的文学作品可分为三类：早期诗作,中期的散文小册子和后期的宏大诗作。46. Milton wrote his three
29、 major poetical works: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes.他的三部宏大诗作： 失乐园复乐园和力士参孙 。47. The theme of Paradise Lost is the“ Fall of Man” . In the fall of man Adam discovered his fullhumanity. 失乐园的主题是人类的沉沦。在沉沦之中,亚当发觉了自己身上的人性。48. Milton held that God created all things out of Himself,
30、including evil.他认为上帝是根据他自己的样子造出的世界,其中也包括罪责。49. It opens the way for the voluntarysacrifice of Christ whichshowed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.为基督自愿献身开创了道路,这也显示出上帝欲将人类从罪责与苦难中挽救出来的怜悯心。50. In Samson Agonistes, the whole poem strongly suggests Milton s passionate longing that he too cou
31、ld bring destruction down upon the enemy at the cost of his own life.在力士参孙中,整首诗都剧烈示意着弥尔顿希望他自己也能像参孙一样,以生命为代价,与敌人同归于尽。51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer.弥尔顿毕生都呈现了真正的革命精神和特殊的诗歌才华。52. aradise Lost: 人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考查,示意英国自产主义革命失败的缘由。【英国】 C
32、hapter2The Neoclassical Period1660-1798 新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values.总之,这一时期是冲突与价值观分歧的时期。2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole w
33、orld with the light of modern philosophical andartistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启发整个世界。4. Enlighteners held that rationalityor reason should be the only, the finalcause of anyhuman thought and activities. They called for a reference to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主见理性是任何人思想与行动的唯独缘由。他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律
34、。5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizing, became a very popular means of public education.其实,当时的文学作品种布满了说教与道德理念,就已经精品文档可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页成为大众训练的良好工具。6. Famous among the great enlighteners in Englandwere those great writerslikeJohn Dryden, AlexanderP
35、ope, Joseph Addisonand Sir Richard Steele, the two pioneers of familiar essays, Jonathan Swift,Daniel Defoe, Richard BrinsleySheridan, Henry Fieldingand Samuel Johnson.英国闻名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿,亚历山大 .蒲柏,约瑟夫 .艾迪森与理查 .斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱）,乔纳森 .斯威夫特,丹尼尔 .迪福,理查 .B.谢立丹,亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔 .约翰逊。7. In the field of literature
36、, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. 在文学领域,启蒙主义运动仍使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生爱好。8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic,restrained emotionand accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为抱负
37、的艺术应基于秩序, 规律, 准确及情感掌握的基础上,而文学作品的价值评判标准应当看它是否为人文主义服务。9. Thus a polite, urbane, witty, and intellectual art developed. 由此一种温文尔雅, 布满灵性的学问分子文学艺术进展起来。10. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws and rules for almost every genre of literature.在几乎全部的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的法规与条框。11. Drama should be written in the he
38、roic Couplets iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines; the three unitiesof time, space and action should be strictlyobserved; regularityin construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.戏剧必需用英雄体偶剧（抑扬五音步的押韵双行诗）写就。时间,的点,大事三要素必需要遵循。写作的法规必需要遵守,而作品中的人物要
39、代表一类人,而不是个性化。12. But it had a lasting wholesome influence upon English literature. 套话 但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过长久的全面的影响。13. The poetic techniques and certain classical graces such as order, good form, unified structure, clarityand conciseness of king1970uage developed in this period have become a permanent he
40、ritage.在这一时期显现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序,美丽的格式,统一的结构,简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。14. The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form-the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. 十八世纪中叶,仍兴起
41、一种崭新的文学形式- 英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国一般百姓的生活。15. Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne,Tobias George Smollett, and Oliver Goldsmith.英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔.迪福,塞缪尔 .理查德,亨利 .费尔丁,劳伦斯 .斯泰思,托比亚斯.斯摩莱特以及奥立弗 .哥尔斯密。16. From the middle part to the end of the centur
42、y there was also an apparent shift of interest from the classicliterary tradition to originality and imagination, from society to individual, and from the didactic to the confessional, inspirational and prophetic.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,仍显现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔,勉励及预示的转移。17. Gothic novels-mos
43、tly stories of mystery and horror.哥特式小说主要表达恐惧神奇的故事。18. Jonathan Swift s A Modest Proposal being generally regarded as the besteml oofdsatire, not精品文档可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结欢迎来主页only of the period but also in the whole English literary history.乔纳森 .斯威夫特的一个小小的建议被公认为英国文学史上讽刺作品的经典。(I) John Bunyan 约翰.班扬
44、19. As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmlybelieved in salvation through spiritual struggle. 作为一个坚决的清教徒,他仔细学习圣经,并深信人肯定能通过精神上的奋斗得到挽救。20. he made it possible for the reader of the least education to share the pleasure of reading his novel and to relive the experie
45、nce of his characters. 他的语言详细生动,情节鲜明真实,连没受过训练的人也能享受到阅读他的作品的乐趣。21. Bu nyan s other works include Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, The Life and Death of可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结Mr.Badman, The Holy War and The Pilgrim s Progres班s,扬P其art他II的.的赦免,拜得门先生生死录 ,圣战以及天路历程其次部22. The Vanity Fair. 名利场（节选天路历
46、程第一部）作品仍有罪人头目可编辑资料 - - - 欢迎下载精品名师归纳总结The Pilgrim s Progrisesthse most successful religious allegory in the English king1970uage. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christiandoctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. 天路历程 是英文作品中最胜利的宗教寓言。 它的主旨是让人们遵循基督教教义,并通过不断战胜自身弱点与身外的邪恶来获得挽救。(II) Alexander Pope亚历山大 .蒲伯23. ope, a very sensitive man, would strike back hard, and in the constant verbal battleshe developed a style of biting satire. 蒲伯本身是个很敏锐的人,自然要用笔墨来反击,在此期间,他进展了犀利的讽刺文体。24. For him the supreme valu