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1、分词 分为现在分词和过去分词:现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能。 1、现在分词的形式: 否认式:not + 现在分词 1现在分词的主动语态:现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语。They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去。 Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球。 2现在分词的被动语态:一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生
2、在谓语动 词之前的被动的动作。 The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要。 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误。 2现在分词的句法功能: 1作定语:现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前;如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后,相当于定语从句。 In the following years he worked even harder. 在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了
3、。 The man speaking to the teacher is our monitors father. 现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如:in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher. 现在分词作定语表示动作正在进行或几乎同时假设两个动作有先有后要用定语从句这时常用完成式。The teacher criticised the student who had brok
4、en the window.2现在分词作表语: The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒。 The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心。 be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构。 3作宾语补足语: 如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语: see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, obse
5、rve, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如: Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗? He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着。注意:感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, taste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,后+doing 表示动作的进行性。加doing 或 do看要强调的是某个动作发生的事实还是 强调发
6、生的过程I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。强调我看见了这个事实 I saw him working in the garden yesterday.强调我见他正干活这个动作昨天我见他正在花园里干活。这些词加doing 或 do 主要是看要强调的是某个动作发生的事实还是 强调发生的过程4现在分词作状语:I根本原那么:A 分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。B 分词必须与句中的主语含有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系,否那么不能作状语。II形式的选择Adoing 表示主句主语构成逻辑上的主谓语且与句中谓语同时发生。Bhaving
7、+done表示主句主语构成逻辑上的主谓语但先于谓语动作发生。Cdone 表示与主句主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系。Dbeing done表示与主句主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且与谓语动作同时发生(一般作原因状语置句首)。Ehaving been done 表示与主句主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系,且先于谓语动作。III.注意: A 分词短语作状语其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致。B表时间关系的分词短语可由while、when引出。Cwith、without+名词或代词的宾格 + 分词表示伴随He lay half dead ,with all his ribs broken.D.当分词的逻辑主语必须与句子
8、的主语不一致时,分词必须有自己的主语。Time permiting, I will finish another lesson.E. 分词短语作状语,、句中就不能并列连词but、and因为是并列句。Warned of the danger,he still went smoking.= He was warned of the danger, but he still went smoking.作时间状语: (While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker. 在工厂工作时,作原因状语: Being a League member
9、, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人。 作方式状语,表示伴随: He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗。 作条件状语: (If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. 要是整天玩,你就会浪费珍贵的时间。 作结果状语: He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎。 作目的状语: He went swimming the other da
10、y. 几天前他去游泳了。 作让步状语: Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon. 虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了。 与逻辑主语构成独立主格: I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my head 我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上。 All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly. 所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了。 Time permitting, well do another two exercises. 如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习。 有时也可用with (without) +名词代词宾格+分词形式 With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了。 作独立成分: supposing-/strictly speaking /Judging from(by) /Generally speaking .Judging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor. 从外表看,他一定是个演员。 Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心。