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1、 Procedures in teaching LS ？ ? ? What makes a good lesson? ？ ? ? Elements in teaching Three elements E S A E S A interestform(situation)meaningHow does listening fit into ESA? Pre-listening While-listening Post-listening 1. 2. Whats special about listening?Comprehension improves when:1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
2、Learners who are anxious about the understanding spoken English seem to experience the greatest difficulty Be aware that In a listening class the teacher may: 1. 2. provide practice in listening for enjoyment3. 4. Use tasks which focus clearly on practicing and developing specific listening strategi
3、es In a listening class the teacher may: 5. try to “stretch” students by providing more difficult materials and tasks 6. take care to present “natural” models of language when f o c u s i n g o n g r a m m a r and vocabulary In a listening class the teacher may: 7. 8. Six principles in teaching list
4、ening Six principles in teaching listening4. Students should be encouraged to respond to the content of a listening, not just to the language.5. 6. How to exploit the textbook Use scaffold to aid teachingHow do speaking activities fit into ESA? The speaking activities follow the same basic pattern:
5、E-A-S that is, the teacher gets students interested in the topic, the students do the task while the teacher watches and listens and they then study any language issues that the teacher has identified as being problems. It is important for teachers to correct mistakes made during speaking activities
6、 in a different way from the mistakes made during a Study exercise. Speaking activity 1 information gaps surveys A simple student questionnaire might end up looking like this: More speaking suggestions1. 2. 3. 4.5.6.7.problems The problem of students using their own language when we want them to be
7、using English. We suggested talking to students about the issue, encouraging them to use English appropriately, only responding to English use, creating an English environment and continuing to remind them of the issue. problems the problem of students who are reluctant to speak. Possible solutions
8、included using pairwork, allowing students to speak in a controlled way first, using acting out and reading aloud, and using role-play. problems the problem of students who finish before everybody else provide them with some spare activity material. If only one group is left without having finished,
9、 the teacher may decide to stop the activity anyway - because the rest of the class shouldnt be kept waiting.Questions for observationHow does the teacher engage students?What is the pre-listening activity? What are the while-listening activities?How does the teacher conduct the second activity?How many post-listening activities did you see?Which do you like best? Why?What are your suggestions for improvement?34 结束语结束语