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1、U1 Traditional Chinese Medicine： History and Development 1.四大经典：黄帝内经： Huangdis Cannon of Medicine 难经：Classic of Difficulties 伤寒杂病论： Treatise on Cold Damage and Miscellaneous Diseases 神农本草经： Shengnongs Classic of Materia Medica 2.金元四大家（four great medical schools in the Jin and Y uan Dynasties）及学术观点、学
2、派刘完素 School of Cold and Cool 。believed that “fire heat” was the main cause of a variety of diseases and these diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature 。张从正 School of Purgation 。believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors and advocated that pathogenic f
3、actors should be driven out by means of diaphoresis,emesis and purgation 。李杲 School of Reinforcing the Earth 。held that “internal impairment of the spleen and stomach would bring about various diseases ” and emphasized that the most important thing in clinical treatment was to warm and invigorate th
4、e spleen and stomach。 （内伤脾胃，百病由生温补脾胃）朱震亨 School of Nourishing Yin 。Believed that “ yang is usually excessive while yin is frequently deficient ”and advocated the remedies of nourishing yin and reducing fire in treatment of diseases 。3.中医的内容：针灸： acupuncture moxibustion 拔罐： cupping therapy 刮痧： skin sc
5、raping 冥想： meditation 推拿： Tui na&massage 正气： healthy qi 食疗： dietetic therapy 理疗： physiotherapy 放疗： radiotherapy 化疗： chemotherapy 保健： health-care 整体观： holistic view 整体观念： concept of holism 辨证论治： treatment based on syndrome differentiation 治疗原则： therapeutic principles 温补脾胃： warming and tonifying the s
6、pleen and stomach 寒凉药物： drugs cold and cool in nature 滋阴降火：nourishing yin and reducing fire 五行学说： the theory of five elements 瘀血致病： diseases caused by blood stagnation 中医四诊： the four diagnostic methods 四气五味： four properties and five flavors 中西医结合： integration of Chinese and Western medicine 方剂： form
7、ula 汗法： sweating method 下法： purgative method 方剂学： Chinese medical formula 4.-ology 学科、研究心理学： psychology 生理学： physiology 病理学： pathology 病因学： etiology 妇科学： gynecology 产科学： tocology 皮肤科学： dermatology 5.七情： Seven Relation of Medicinal Compatibility 单行： going alone 相须： mutual 相使： assistance 相畏： toxicity
8、restraint 相杀： detoxication 相恶： effect inhibition 相反： negative effect inducing 6.中医与西医的区别：A、理论基础B、诊断方式C、治疗方法A、中医理论基础；西医理论基础：生理学、病理学B、中医诊断：四诊（） ；西医：借助辅助检查CT、MRI C、中医治疗：中药、针灸、拔罐、食疗etc；西医治疗：注射、手术、名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 页，共 4 页 - - - - -
9、 - - - - U3 The Theory of Yin and Yang 1.阴阳的定义及各自属性Definition ： Yin and Yang are the summarization of attributes of two opposite aspects of interrelated things or phenomena in nature 。Yin：static dark cold substantial（物质） dimness stillness Yang：dynamic bright hot functional brightness movement 了药味 :Y
10、ang acrid（辛） sweet bland（淡）Yin sour（酸） bitter salty 了药性 :Yang dispersing（散）ascending（上升） floating Yin astringent（收敛） descending sinking 2.阴阳学说的四种关系阴阳对立： Yin and Yang opposed each other 阴阳互根： Yin and Yang depend on each other 阴阳消长： Yin and Yang wane and wax between each other 阴阳转化： Yin and Yang trans
11、form between each other 3.重阴必阳，重阳必阴：Extreme yin turns into yang and extreme yang turns into yin 。寒极生热，热极生寒：Extreme cold brings on heat and extreme heat brings on cold 。素问曰：阴平阳秘，精神乃治；阴阳离决，精神乃治The equilibrium of Yin and yang makes the vitality well-conserved； the divorce of Yin and yang （makes the）ess
12、ence-qi exhausted 。阳胜则热，阴胜则寒；阳虚则寒，因虚则热；阳损及阴，阴损及阳Yang excess leads to heat syndrome while Yin excess causes cold syndrome；Yang deficiency results in cold syndrome while Yin deficiency causes heat syndrome；Yang deficiency affects Yin while Yin deficiency affects Yang。善诊者， 必先察色按脉， 以别阴阳： A skilled diagn
13、ostician ，first of all ，differentiates between yin and yang when observing the complexion and feeling the pulse 。4.者之：treating with 实者泄之： treating excess syndrome with purgation 。 purging excess 虚者补之： treating deficiency syndrome with invigoration invigorating deficiency U4 The Theory of Five Elemen
14、ts 1.五行定义： The five elements refer to wood 、 fire 、earth、metal and water as well as their motion and changes in natural world 。2.五行属性：木曰曲直： Wood is the bending and straighting （growth、development and free activity ）火曰炎上： Fire is the flaming up （ warmth、heat、ascending、brightness ）土爰稼穑： earth is the s
15、owing and reaping（ reception、cultivation 、transformation ）金曰从革： Metal is the working of change （ change、depuration、astringency）水曰润下： Water is the moistening and flowing downward （cold、coolness、closure、 storage）3.五行关系：相生： generation 相克： restriction 相乘： over-restriction 相侮： counter-restriction 母子关系： m
16、other-child relationship 4.五行生克顺序：生：wood generates fire，fire generates earth，earth generates metal，metal generates water，and 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - water in turn ，generates wood。克： wood restricts earth，eart
17、h restricts water5.五行与五脏关系：liverwood heartfire spleenearth lungmetal kindy water U6 The Five Zang-Organs 1.五脏生理功能心（ heart） ：The main physiological function of the heart are to control the blood and vessels and govern the mind。 （主要生理功能为主血脉，主神志）肺（ lung） ：The main physiological function of the lung are
18、 to dominate qi and control respiration， govern ascent， dispersion， purification and descent as well as regulate water passage。脾（ spleen） ：The main physiological function of the spleen are to govern transportation and transformation ，control blood and dominatemuscles and limbs，open into the mouth an
19、d associate with thought in emotion and slobber in secretion 。 （主运化、统血、四肢肌肉、开窍于口，在志为思，在液为涎）肝 （liver ） ：The main physiological function of the liver are to store blood ，govern free flow qi，control tendons and open into the eyes。 （藏血，主疏泄，主筋，开窍于母）肾（ kidney） ：The main physiological function of the kidne
20、y are to store essence，control growth development and reproduction ，govern water，receive qi and open into the ears，anus and urethra。 （主藏精，主生长、发育、生殖和水液代谢，主纳气，开窍于耳和二阴）2.开窍于： open into 3.与相表里（be exteriorly and interiorly related ）Heart and small intestine are exteriorly and interiorly related。 （心 & 小肠）
21、Lung and large intestine spleen and stomach liver and gallbladder kidney and bladder 4.脾虚表现：食欲不振： poor appetite 腹胀： abdominal distension 便溏： loose stool 疲乏： lassitude 消瘦： emaciation 营养不良： malnutrition 出血： hemorrhage 紫癜： purpura 便血： bloody stool 血尿： hematuria 面色萎黄： a sallow complexion 5.肾阴虚：耳鸣： tinni
22、tus 眠差： poor sleep 头晕： dizziness 记忆力差： poor memory 瘙痒： spasm 四肢麻木： numbness of the four limbs 视力模糊：blumed vision 月经量少： oligomenorrhoea 闭经： amenorrhoea 6.心虚：U11 Etiology 1.病因学定义：2.分类：A.内经： Yin and Yang B.仲景： three kinds of pathogenic factors C.陈无择： internal causes、external causes、causes neither inter
23、nal nor external 3.七情：（joy、anger、anxiety、thought、 sorrow、fear、fright ）名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - - 怒则气上： Excessive anger drives qi to flow upward 喜则气缓： Excessive joy makes qi sluggish 悲则气消： Excessive sorrow consu
24、mes qi 恐则气下： Excessive fear drives qi to flow downward 惊则气乱： Excessive fright disorders qi 思则气结： Excessive thought stagnates qi 4.六淫（ six excesses ） ：wind、cold、summer-heat、 dampness 、dryness、 fire U13 The Four Diagnostic Methods 1.望： inspection（looking ） 、闻： auscultation and olfaction （listening and smelling ）问： inquiry （ asking）切： pulse-taking and palpation 名师归纳总结 精品学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -精心整理归纳 精选学习资料 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 页，共 4 页 - - - - - - - - -