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1、2010下 学 期 综 合 英 语 期 末 总 复 习 I.选 词 填 空(10%)II.副 介 词 填 空(10%)III.词 缀 IV.完 型 填 空(10%)阅 读(20%)Section ASpidersSpiders can be distinguished from other Arachnids because the prosoma(combinedhead and thorax)is only separated from the opisthosoma(abdomen)by a narrowwaist,in other Arachnids the whole body ap
2、pears to be much more of a single unit.All spiders produce silk,but only some construct webs to catch their homes and toprotect their eggs.All spiders possess poison glands but very few of them are dangerous to humans,ofthe 600 species in Britain only 12(at least one of these is a recent human assis
3、tedcolonist)are strong enough to pierce the human skin,and apart from allergies,noneare more dangerous than a common wasp.Most spiders have 8 eyes(though somehave 6,4,2 or 0),as well as 8 legs.(By the way if you count the claws as separate legsection(which you shouldnt really)then their legs have 8
4、parts as well(coxa,trochanter,femur,patella,tibia,tarsus,metatarus,claws).There are more than 32,000known species of spider in the world.No human being has ever been officiallyrecorder as having died as the result of atarantulaite.All spiders are carnivorous and feed only on liquids,i.e.their preys
5、natural juices andthe breakdown products of external digestion(meaning they spit,exude or injectdigestive juices onto/into their prey and suck up the resulting soup).So why not invitesome to your next social do?Whats In a NameThe word Arachnida comes from the Greek word Arachne,who was the daughter
6、ofIdmon of Colophon in Lydia,a dyer by trade.Arachne herself was a weaver,the bestin all the known world.However in a foolish moment she challenged Athene,thedaughter of Zeus and goddess of,among other things,waving to a weavingcompetition.Arachne wove so perfect a cloth that she tore it to shreds.A
7、rachnebecame depressed after this and in the end she hung herself.Athene stirred to remorseat the knowledge of what her anger had wrought turned the rope Arachne had used tohang herself into a web and Arachne herself into a spider so that the beauty of herspinning should not be lost to the world eve
8、r again.The Great Household Spider SafariThere are just over six hundred different sorts of spiders in the British Isles.But ofthese only a handful are commonly found in houses.At the front of the head are a pairof what appear to be small legs.These are called palps and are used to guide food tothe
9、spiders mouth.The front of the head also has a group of six or eight eyes.On theunderside of the body at the rear,are four or six small conical bumps or cylinders.There are the spinnerets from which the spider produces the silk to make its webs.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by
10、 looking at their palps.Maleshave swollen ends to their palps which makes them look as if they are wearing boxinggloves,these are often strange shapes if looked at with a hand lens.Females havenormal looking palps that are not swollen at the ends.The largest spider is the Goliath spider,the female o
11、f which grows to reach a leg spanof ten inches.The largest spider in Britain is the Cardinal spider which is a closecousin of Tim Tegenaria.Females can achieve a leg span of four and a half inches.Itis known as the Cardinal spider as it was common in Hampton Court when CardinalWolsey lived there.The
12、 sight of these long legged spiders wandering around thepalace at night used to frighten him.So far 32,000 different kinds of spider have beendiscovered from all over the world.Britain has 630 different kinds of spider of which250 are tiny Money spiders.The smallest of which has a body less than one
13、millimeter long.1.All the silk produced by spiders construct webs to catch their food.2.Not all the poison glands possessed by spiders are dangerous to human beings.3.Spiders often kill humans in Britain when they pierce human skin.4.After seeing her enemy commits suicide,Arachne turned Athene into
14、a spider.5.Tim Tegenaria spiders are closely related to tarantula spiders;both are foundin Britain.6.So far 32,000 different kinds of spiders have been discovered from all over theworld.7.Money spiders are the smallest spiders found in the Arachnids family.8.There are more than known species of spid
15、er in the world.9.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done b y.lO.The largest spider i s.If it weren?t for nicotine（尼 古 丁），people wouldn,t smoke tobacco.Why?Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke,nicotine is the primaryone that acts on the brain,altering peopleJ s moods
16、,appetites and alertness in waysthey find pleasant and beneficial.Unfortunately,as it is widely known,nicotine hasa dark side：it is highly addictive.Once smokers become hooked on it,they must gettheir fix of it regularly,sometimes several dozen times a day.Cigarette smokecontains 43 known carcinogen
17、s,which means that long-term smoking can amount toa death sentence.In the US alone,420,000 Americans die every year from tobaccorelated illnesses.Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy.Each year,nearly 35 million people make aconcerted effort to quit smoking.Sadly,less than 7 percent succeed in abs
18、taining formore than a year;most start smoking again within days.So what is nicotine and howdoes it insinuate itself into the smoker s brain and very being?The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers,and even somescientists,say it offers certain benefits.One is enhance performance.One
19、 studyfound that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster thanthey did without it.To greater or lesser degrees,users also say nicotine helps them tomaintain concentration,reduce anxiety,relieve pain,and even dampen theirappetites(thus helping in weight control).Unfortunately,
20、nicotine can also producedeleterious effects beyond addiction.At high doses,as are achieved from tobaccoproducts,it can cause high blood pressure,distress in the respiratory andgastrointestinal systems and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.First isolated as a compound in 1828
21、,in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquidthat turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air.It is foundin several species of plants,including tobacco and,perhaps surprisingly,intomatoes,potatoes,and eggplant(though in extremely low quantities that arepharmacologically insign
22、ificant for humans)As simple as it looks,the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device.For instance,when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarettewasn,t released when burned but rather remained chemically bound within thetobacco leaf,they began adding substance
23、s such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco torelease more nicotine.Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form,which is morereadily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than the acidic form.Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine.Byinhaling
24、smoke from a lighted cigarette,the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligramsof vaporised nicotine per cigarette.Today we know that only a miniscule amount ofnicotine is needed to fuel addiction.Research shows that manufacturers would have tocut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95%to forestall
25、its power to addict.Whena smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette,smoke,including vaporised nicotine,is drawninto the mouth.The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some nicotine,but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs,where it easily diffuses into theblood vessels lining the lun
26、g walls.The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart,which then pumps it directly to the brain.While most of the effects a smoker seeksoccur in the brain,the heart takes a hit as well.Studies have shown that a smoker sfirst cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 bea
27、ts a minute.Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly thanone swallowed snorted(such as cocaine powder)or even injected.Indeed,anicotine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds.Thenicotine travels through blood vessels,which branch out into
28、 capillaries within thebrain.Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotinemolecules as well.Once inside the brain,nicotine,like most addictive drugs,triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure.Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the b
29、loodstream,nicotine also easilydiffuses through capillary walls.It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones-ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses throughout the nervous system.Theseimpulses are the basis for our thoughts,feelings,and moods.To transmit nerveimpulses to its neighbour,a n
30、eurone releases chemical messengers known asneurotransmitters.Like nicotine molecules,the neurotransmitters drift into the s o-called synaptic space between neurones,ready to latch onto the receiving neuroneand thus deliver a chemical“message”that triggers an electrical impulse.The neurotransmitters
31、 bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone.This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions,or charged atoms,of sodium.This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell,whichcompletes delivery of the“message”。An accomplished mimic,nicotine competesw
32、ith the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors.It wins and,like the vanquishedchemical,opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell.But thereJ s a lotmore nicotine around than the original transmitter,so a much larger current spreadsacross the membrane.This bigger current causes increas
33、ed electrical impulses totravel along certain neurones.With repeated smoking,the neurones adapt to thisincreased electrical activity,and the smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine.Questions 1-71.Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes,it isnot necessarily the one that c
34、hanges the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes aresmoked.2.In spite of the difficulties,according to the text more than thirty-fivemillion people a year give up smoking.3.It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve people s abilities toperform some actions more quickly.4.Added ammonia
35、 in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.5.Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.6.Nicotine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.7.Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.Questions 8 108.Cigarette compa
36、nies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes byto prevent them from being addictive.9.According to the passage,a cigarette can raise a smoker s heart rate bya minute.10.In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour,a neurone sendsknown as neurotransmitters.Sustainable Tourism and
37、 WTOUNEP s proposals on sustainable tourismBackground:A variety of groups and organizations have undertaken work ontourism,on its environmental effects and to a lesser extent on the implications oftourism for sustainable development.Some of these groups have presented guidancefor sustainable tourism
38、 based on their work.The United Nations EnvironmentProgram(UNEP)has surveyed those main proposed Principles for Implementation ofSustainable Tourism.These proposed principles were presented at the UNEP HighLevel Committee of Ministers and Officials in November 1998.The UNEP Governing Council,meeting
39、 in February 1999,approved aconsultation process with major groups to finalize an agreed set of principles.Bypromoting agreement of a consolidated set of principles,UNEP is seeking toencourage a movement from debate to more widespread action and adoption ofsustainable tourism practices.UNEP Survey:B
40、ased on the survey of guidelines for sustainable tourism,theelements of sustainable tourism which are most frequently cited include:Putting sustainable development into practice in the development,managementand integration of tourism with the wider economy,the environment;Protecting bio diversity,th
41、e environment and natural resources;Including the participation of all stakeholders,and in particular,localcommunities in tourism;and ensuring that local communities have an equitable sharein benefits resulting from tourism;Sitting tourism operations and development appropriately to avoid damage to
42、biodiversity and the environment;Operation within the capacities of the environment,and of availableinfrastructure;Using resources efficiently,and preventing pollution and waste.Summary:In summary,sustainable tourism may be defined as tourism that putsthe principles of sustainable development,as for
43、 example,set out in the RioDeclaration,into practice in all aspects of its operation and development.The Question:The key question is how to put sustainable development intopractice in tourism activities-from mass tourism to nature based and specialisttourism.UNEP,s Proposals:UNEP,s proposals on pri
44、nciples for implementation ofSustainable Tourism cover the mechanisms and strategies that are most frequentlycited for implementing sustainable tourism.Application:These elements are generally applicable to all major groupsinvolved in tourism activities and planning-Government at national and local
45、level,business and industry,NGOs and international organizations.All have roles inimplementing these principles for sustainable tourism.ONE:INTEGRATION of Tourism into Overall Policy for SustainableDevelopment,through:Regional and National Strategies:to balance tourism withbroader economic,social an
46、d environmental objectives,and integrate it intosustainable development plans.Interagency Coordination and Cooperation:to improve the management anddevelopment of tourism between different departments.Interagency Management:to coordinate the allocation of land uses,and use ofother resources,and to r
47、egulate inappropriate activities that damage ecosystems.Reconciling Conflicting Resource Uses:to identify and resolve conflicts betweentourism and other activities at an early stage,by involving all relevant stakeholders inthe development,and effective implementation of sound management plans.TWO:DE
48、VELOPMENT of Sustainable Tourism,through:Planning forDevelopment&Land-use at sub-National Level:to conserve the environment,maintain the quality of the visitor experience,and provide benefits for localcommunities.Environment Impact Assessment(EIA):to anticipate environment impacts byundertaking comp
49、rehensive EIAs for all tourism development programs.Planning Measures:to ensure that tourism development remains within nationaland local plans for all types of activities,by implementing effective carrying capacityprograms,planning controls and management.Legislative Framework:to establish standard
50、s for land use in tourismdevelopment,tourism facilities,management and investment in tourism.Environment Standards:to improve environmental quality,to set targets forreducing pollution from all sectors and to prevent development in inappropriate areas.Regional Approaches:to establish common models f