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1、专题十一、非谓语动词非谓语动词Part1一、同学们，在进入非谓语动词学习之前，请同学们要明晰几个概念：英语中的句子有简单句和复合句之分。复合句即为由两个或两个以上的简单句构成。简单句和复合句区分的标志词即是否有连词。复合句由主句和从句构成。跟在连词后面句子的为从句, 另一个句子则为主句。请划出以下句子的连接词，主句和从句。eg. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.英语中，动词分为谓语动词和非谓语动词。一个简单句只有一个谓语动词。剩下的动词都为非谓语动词。主从复合句通常由主句和从
2、句两个句子构成。以句子为单位计算，主句一个谓语动词，从句一个谓语动词。eg.I will give you a call as soon as I have finished it.解析：这句话有两个谓语动词，主句give和从句finish。小结：一个句子之中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词），又没有连词的情况下，还有别的动词出现时，这些动词就是非谓语动词。eg.She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.（无连词非谓语动词）She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.（有
3、连词谓语动词）谓语动词有多种时态和数的变化，而非谓语动词包括分词和不定式。其中分词又包括现在分词、过去分词。因此非谓语动词只有三种形式变化:现在分词Ving过去分词Ved不定式结构to do动词不定式的用法：To do that sort of thing is foolish. 主语I want to see you this evening. 宾语All you have to do is to finish it quickly.表语We found a place to live in.定语She came here to study English. 目的状语I warned the
4、 patient not to eat cold water after the operation.宾补（对宾语的补充说明）请同学们判断以下句子是否为简单句还是复合句，并划出句子中的谓语动词和非谓语动词。1. The dog jumped through the window.2. The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.3. Ill give the letter to him when I see him.4. It is such a big box that nobody can move it.5. Well go to the
5、 Great Wall if its fine tomorrow.6. An old man entered the restaurant, sitting down at the table.7. Seen from the top of the hill, the city is very attractive.8. She got off the bus, leaving her handbag on her seat.9. To save energy, we turn off the lights for an hour every Saturday.10. To catch the
6、 train, he hurried to the station.二、我们已经学习了宾语（动宾与介宾）；定语（修饰名词）和同位语（对名词的同义转述）；状语（修饰动作），根据与所修饰动作构成条件关系，伴随关系，原因关系,结果关系,目的关系可分为条件状语、伴随状语、原因状语、结果状语和目的状语观察以下句子，体会非谓语动词在句子中的应用。1. Have you read the books written(write) by the young writer?written by the young writer在句子充当后置定语修饰名词books，过去分词表被动。解析：written by th
7、e young writer修饰名词books，作定语，放在所修饰名词的后面为后置定语。written是过去分词与books为被动关系。即“书被（作家）写”。2. The stolen (steal) bike belongs to Jack.stolen在句子充当前置定语修饰bike，过去分词表被动。解析：stolen修饰名词bike，作定语，放在所修饰名词的前面为前置定语。stolen是过去分词与bike为被动关系。即“车被偷”。3. Working(work) hard, youll succeed.working hard在句子中充当条件状语，现在分词表主动。解析：working ha
8、rd修饰动作succeed，二者构成为条件关系。working为现在分词，与逻辑主语you 为主动关系。4. The children ran out of the room, laughing(laugh) loudly.laughing loudly在句子中充当伴随状语，现在分词表主动。解析:laughing loudly修饰动作ran out of the room,二者构成伴随关系。laughing为现在分词，与the children为主动关系。5. We wouldnt get in touch with her not knowing(know) her address.not
9、knowing her address在句子中充当原因状语，现在分词表主动。解析：not knowing her address修饰动作wouldnt get touch with her ,二者构成原因关系。not knowing her address为现在分词，与we为主动关系。6. The bus breaks down on the road causing(cause) the delay.causing the delay在句子中充当结果状语，现在分词表主动。解析：causing the delay修饰动作breaks down, 二者构成结果关系。causing为现在分词，与t
10、he bus 为主动关系。7.To learn English well, I study harder than before.to learn English well在句子中充当目的状语。解析：to learn English well修饰动作study harder than before,二者构成目的关系。做目的状语不能用分词结构，要用不定式结构。小结：非谓语动词分为分词和不定式结构。分词包括_和_.现在分词表_（主动/被动），过去分词表_（主动/被动），不定式结构表_。分词修饰名词的充当定语，放在所修饰名词的前面为_（前置定语/后置定语），放在所修饰名词的后面为_（前置定语/后置定
11、语）。分词修饰谓语动作充当状语，根据非谓语动作与谓语动作的条件关系，伴随关系，原因关系,结果关系,目的关系关系可分为_,_,_,_,_。现在分词表主动过去分词表被动不定式表目的专题练习1. _(influence) by many different kinds of dancing, she developed her personal dance style.2. From the photographs _(send) from the satellites, scientists are learning things about the earth they have never k
12、nown before.3. _(know) basic first-aid techniques, the girl successfully saved the boy.4. He drank up the whole bottle of milk, _(leave) not even a drop to his little brother.5. _(give) such a good chance, you ought to have a try.6. I passed by Joan quickly without greeting her, _(pretend) no to see
13、 her.7. _(look) into the problem, the government set up a working team.8. Doctors worked through the night _(save)the life of the injured man.9. _(look) out of the window, I saw some students playing there.10. When I was little, my mother used to sit by my bed, _(tell) me stories till I fell asleep.
14、二、同学们，我们学习了非谓语动词中，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动，不定式表目的。请同学们观察以下四个简单句。黑体部分的非谓语动词均为过去分词Ved形式，但在句子中功能和所作成分均不同。请同学们思考过去分词都是表被动吗？1. Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 2. He cant talk, surprised by the good news.3. The girl is nervous, faced with the teacher.4. A great typhoon broke out yesterday, leaving a
15、lot of fallen leaves on the street.现在答案揭晓，同学们思考得对不对呢？1. Given more time作条件状语，与逻辑主语I 构成被动，即过去分词表被动。2. Surprised by the good news作原因状语，表示逻辑主语He所处的状态。即 形容词化表状态。3. Faced with the teacher作原因状语，与with构成形容词化的固定搭配，表示The girl所处的状态，即过去分词形容词化词组表状态。4. Fallen 作leaves的前置定语，表leaves的“降落”动作完成，即过去分词表动作已经完成。三、根据以上句子的观察
16、和思考，相信同学们对于非谓语动词中分词的语用有了更深刻的了解。我们来对分词作个全面的概括吧！请同学们完成以下练习！非谓语动词根据动作本身可分为4类非谓语动词。1.纯动作性质 eg. givegiving 表_,即自己给予别人（某物）；given表_,即被别人给予（某物）。2. 形容词化的动词 eg. surprisedsurprising 表物的_；surprised 表人的_.3. 形容词化的固定动词词组 eg. be faced withbe faced with 虽为动词词组，但是已经形容词化了，faced表_.4. 有发展过程的动词 eg. fallfalling 表动作的_.；fal
17、len 表动作的_.More examples:burning fish 正在燃烧的鱼 burnt/burned fish烧焦了的鱼developing countries 发展中国家 developed countries发达国家falling leaves 正在降落的叶子 fallen leaves 落叶boiling water 正在沸腾的水 boiled water 开水changed condition改变了的情况 changing condition 变化着的情况四、形容词化的动词和形容词化的固定搭配是非谓语动词的考查难点。如何使这些形容词化的动词和固定搭配转化成非谓语动词呢？请同
18、学们往下看吧！请划出下列句子成分。1. He is suprised. 2.He is faced with the teacher.以上两句都为主系表结构，即都是由系表结构构成的谓语。注意：Be动词为的一种，放在系动词后面则为表语。系动词和表语不能单独作谓语。系表结构才能共同构成谓语。形容词化的动词和固定搭配要转化成非谓语，只要一步，即把系动词（be动词）去掉，就变为非谓语了。同学们，是不是很简单！我们来做两个练习吧！分析句子，填出答案。1.In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other death
19、s that _(link) to the Broad Street outbreak.2. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths _(link) to the Broad Street out break.解析：Step1:link后面有to, 因此构成形容词化词组be linked to.即过去分词ed表主语所处的状态。Step2:第一句有连词that，所以是复合句。根据一个简单句一个谓语动词。that引导的从句link为谓语动词。所以填写完整的系表结构才是谓语。正确答案是
20、：were linked.Step3:第二句没有连词，所以是简单句。根据一个简单句一个谓语动词，这句话里谓语动词是found（一般过去时主动语态），link则为非谓语动词。所以把be动词去掉，就变为非谓语了。正确答案是linked.总结形容词类词组做题技巧_五、形容词化动词和形容词化词组是高考英语考察的重点。以下总结词汇需认真背诵，牢记于心。 情感类-ed（人）/-ing（物）结尾作形容词1.疲惫，厌倦 bore; tire; exhaust/worn out2. 害怕，恐惧frighten; terrify;3. 惊奇，惊讶 surprise; amaze; shock; astonish4
21、. 烦恼，担心 worry；annoy5.沮丧，失望 frustrate; disappoint; depress6. 满意 satisfy; please7. 感动 move; touch8. 困惑 confuse; puzzle9.其他常见 excite; interest; relax; inspire; embarrass形容词词组1.联系；和有关be linked with/to be connected with/be combined withbe associated with/be mixed withbe related to2.适应；习惯be used to/be acc
22、ustomed to3. 专注be absorbed in/be buried inbe addicted to/ /be devoted tobe fixed on/be concentrated on4. 出生 be born in 5.担心；挂念 be worried about/ be concerned about6.在基础上 be based on7. 面对 be faced with8. 充满 be filled with/be crowded with/be full of9. 对比 be compared with 把比作；比喻为 be compared to10. 配备；装
23、备 be equipped with11.走失；丢失/陷入当中 be lost in12. 穿着衣服 be dressed in13.陷入困境（麻烦）be trapped in/be stuck in/be caught in14.暴露；接触到/置身于环境；氛围中 be exposed to15. 坐落；位于 be located in/be situated in（lie in 表位于作非谓语动词用现在分词形式）16. 就坐be seated 17. 本应该 be supposed to 18. 为作准备 be prepared for19. 决心做某事 be determined to d
24、o 20. 卷入当中 be involved in eg. He is involved in this accident.21. 预计做某事 be expected to do eg.He is expected to arrive this afternoon.22. 专为而设计 be intended/designed for eg.This book is intended/designed for children.23. 确信;相信 be convinced of24. 知晓情况的 be informed of常考形容词化的过去分词drunk 喝醉了的infected 感染了mar
25、ried 结婚了/divorced 离婚了separated 分开的known 被人熟知的；知名的broken 破碎了injured 受伤了polluted 污染了honored 感到荣幸written/spoken English 书面语/口语seated 就坐的状态同学们，动词和动词词组为非谓语时有两种形式，即ing主动形式和ed被动形式。形容词化的单词和词组通常没有现在分词形式，只有过去分词形式，过去分词不表被动表状态，做非谓语时把be动词去掉则保留ed表状态。因此做题时需分清楚是实义动词（短语）表主动或被动还是形容词（短语）表状态。形容词词化的动词和动词词组专项练习：1. _(exha
26、ust) , they went on running after the robber.2. _(compare) with your brother, you should make greater efforts to study English.3. _(seat) at the table, my father and I were talking about the job.4. A cool rain was falling, _(mix) with snow.5. _(determine) to complete the job on time, they set out to
27、 work immediately.6. A diet _(base) on vegetables can help with the prevention of heart disease.7. Educators claim that children _(expose) to English-speaking environment will learn the language more quickly.8. Here are some new computer programs _(intend) for home buildings.9. _(locate) at the Pudo
28、ng New District, the Shanghai Disneyland will be the sixth Disneyland theme park in the world.10. _(face) with serious employment difficulties, China has to spare no effort to ensure economic growth and stability.同学们，我们开始实战练习吧！刚开始做题时慢一点，分步骤进行！Step1: 根据连词判断简单句和复合句。Step2: 判断动词是谓语动词还是非谓语动词。Step3: 判断非谓语
29、动词属于四类中的哪一类。纯动作即实义动词非谓语ing/ed表主动被动，形容词化的单词和形容词化固定词组去be动词保留ed表状态，另外不要忘记还有一类词非谓语ing/ed分别表动作的正在进行和已完成哦。Step4: 考虑清楚了，就自信地填空吧！非谓语动词综合练习1. The trees _(blow) down in the storm have been moved off the road.解析：blown. 简单句。句中出现两个动词blow和move off。move off用了现在完成时的被动语态为谓语动词。一个简单句只有一个谓语动词，则blow为非谓语动词。blow译为“吹（倒）”是纯
30、动作性质的动词，作后置定语修饰trees。与trees构成被动关系，故用过去分词blown.2. Firemen had to break in to rescue the people _(trap) inside.trapped.简单句。句中had to中的had为谓语动词。trap为非谓语动词。trap译为“陷入；困入”，使用过去分词形容词化做后置定语修饰people表示人们所处的状态。故用过去分词trapped表状态。同学们，以下练习自己做吧！加油！3.He was sitting there,_(lose) in deep thought.4. Fully _(absorb) in
31、preparing for the coming exam, she no longer has time to enjoy the various activities in her neighborhood.5. The thief hid himself in the dark corner of the yard, _(frighten), _(stare) at the door,6._(gather) around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people.7.More highways have been built
32、in China, _(make) it easier for people to travel.8._(know) as a singer, he is popular among China.9. The lady walked around the shop, _(keep) an eye out for bargains.10.Always _(confuse), the twins appearances were hard to tell apart.11.He entered the cave, _(fill) with hopes and fears.12._(choose)
33、to act in a new movie, Andy has a chance to become famous.13._(frighten), she asked me to go with her.14._(exhaust) by the climb, we continued our journey.15.He stood there silently, _(move) to tears.16._(dress) in white, she looks more beautiful.17. He became _(inspire) when he thought about helpin
34、g ordinary people _(expose) to cholera.18.He found that it came from the river _(pollute) by the dirty water from London. 19._(see) from the hill, the city is beautiful.20. _(see) from the hill, you can see the whole city.Part2:同学们，Part1介绍了基本的非谓语动词考查。Part2我们将继续深入考查非谓语动词独立主格结构、省略句及学生们易走入的常见误区！一起来学习吧！
35、非谓语动词Part2一、 独立主格结构请同学们观察句子，分析完整句子和独立主格结构有什么相同点和不同点呢？1. When the work was done, he went back home.2. The work done, he went back home.同学们，比较以上画线黑体部分，有什么区别呢？（1） 相同点：有相同的主语the work。（2） 不同点：第一句，画线部分是由when引导的时间状语从句，是一个完整的句子，was done是谓语动词do的一般过去时的被动语态。第二句，没有连词引导，是一个简单句，画线部分有独立的主语，独立的动词do, 但不是一个句子，为独立主格结构
36、，done是非谓语动词do的过去分词表被动。再看一组句子吧！1. The meeting over, all of us went home.2. As the meeting was over, all of us went home.（1）相同点：有相同的主语the meeting（3） 不同点：第一句，画线部分是由as引导的时间状语从句，是一个完整的句子，was over是系表结构构成的谓语动词。第二句，没有连词引导，是一个简单句，画线部分有独立的主语，但不是一个句子，为独立主格结构，over去掉了系动词构成非谓语动词，表状态。小结：复合句有连词连接，是完整的句子有独立的主语，动词为谓语
37、动词。独立主格结构没有连词连接，独立主格结构即有独立的主语，独立的动词，但不是一个句子，只是一个结构。独立主格结构中的动词一律为非谓语动词。请同学们先观察以下句子分析是独立主格结构还是完整句子吧，然后完成练习！请同学们对动词的适当形式填空！1. The task well _(finish), we were given a prize.2. Rose looked up at Jack, tears _(pour) down her face.3. They talked with local people, the guide _(act) as an interpreter.4. The
38、se obstacles _(remove),we are now marching forward with our head high.5. The child _(lead) the way, they had no trouble in finding the house.6. Some trees _(cut) down now.7. Ill call him as soon as he _(come)back.8. Although it was late, they _(keep) working.9. This is the factory where I _(work) tw
39、o years ago.10. As the girl _(stare) at him,he didnt know what to say.二、 with 引导独立主格结构1. 认识with引导的独立主格结构He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it.解析：同学们，我们前面学习了独立主格结构，即具有独立的主语，却不是一个句子，只是一个结构，只能充当成分，独立主格结构的动词一律为非谓语动词。with作为介词可以引导独立主格结构，也可作为独立主格结构的标志之一。解析：
40、with the planets going round it有独立的主语planets, 但由介词with引导，动词go为非谓语动词，与planets为主动关系，因此用现在分词going表主动。2. 请同学们观察句子，总结with 引导独立主格结构做题技巧（1）With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes.（2）With all the things she needed bought, she went home happily.（3）She stood in front of him, with her eyes fixed on
41、 his face.（4）He refused to go to the cinema because he had a lot of homework to finish.解析：with引导的独立主格结构中 的动词一律视为非谓语动词。 分为三种情况做题：主动 现在分词被动/形容词化表状态 过去分词表将来，不管主动被动一律用不定式结构3. 走出误区：与 “as” 区分。(1) With time going by, I gradually adapted myself to the school life.(2) As time goes by, I gradually adapted mys
42、elf to the school life.解析：with为介词引导独立主格结构，其中的动词一律为非谓语动词。 as 为连词，引导时间状语从句，其中的动词为谓语动词，谓语动词有多种形式和时态的变化。with引导独立主格结构专题练习：1. She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child _(play) beside her.2. With the key _(lose), she could not enter the room.3. With ten minutes _(go), youd better hurry.4. Th
43、e murder was brought in, with his hands _(tie) behind his back.5. With all factors _(consider), we think this program will be a success.6. With all the lights _(turn) on, the square looks far more beautiful.7. With so much work _(do), the old man cant go out for a walk as usual.8. With all her time
44、_(devote) to doing experiments, she had no time for films.9. With more time _(give) the work can be done much better.10. With so many problems _(settle), I felt very stressed.三、 When/while 省略句1. 认识省略句第一组句子：完整句：We should be careful when we are crossing the road.省略句：We should be careful when crossing the road.第二组句子：完整句：While you are asked to answer questions, you should speak louder.省略句：While asked to answer questions, you should speak louder.解析：同学们，通过观察以上两组句子，和完整句相比，省略句省略了主语和be动词。省略句是有条件的，当主句和从句的主语一致，且从句的谓语动词为be 动词时，即可把从句的主语和be动词省略，从而构成省略句。除了when,while可