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1、【非谓语动词】【高考考纲解读】近几年对于非谓语动词的句法功能考查越来越多，尤其是语篇填空和改错题型考查较多，甚至在完形填空的选项中也多有涉及。首先需要考生了解非谓语动词的基本形式及其时态和语态的变化形式；其次，需要考生牢固掌握非谓语动词的语法功能和非谓语动词题目的解题思路，并能在具体的语境中正确运用。【命题趋势】1. 近年来对非谓语动词的考查较多的关注与语境的结合，尽管出发点还是仍是非谓语动词的基本用法，这种考查形式是在理解语境和句意的基础上设置的。2. 今后非谓语动词的考查依然占有较高的比重，尤其是非谓语动词做定语和状语的用法，同时试题设置将会继续结合语境，难度适中。3. 高考对该语法现象的
2、渗透日趋明显和突出，所牵扯到的焦点问题主要有：现在分词和过去分词基础知识；现在分词和过去分词句法功能；现在分词和过去分词用法的区别和辨析；现在分词和过去分词的时态和语态及其构成；现在分词和过去分词在上下文中的联系和纽带作用等。4. 动词不定式的考查主要集中在一些固定搭配、固定句型和在句子中的句法功能；对于动名词主要考查在一些动词后作宾语的用法等。【名师指导】1. 非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词和分词。非谓语动词一直是高考中的热点。对非谓语动词类考题，解题时首先要通过句子结构判断出是否是非谓语动词，找准相关动词的逻辑主语，再通过分析句子成分判断应使用哪种非谓语动词。例如：作主语、宾语用动名词或
3、动词不定式；作状语常用分词：目的状语常用动词不定式，伴随状语则常用现在分词等。2. 确定为非谓语动词后，再观察非谓语动词与被修饰词之间的主动、被动关系以及动作发生的时间，由此判断出正确的时态、语态形式。非谓语动词与被修饰词之间是主动关系，常用现在分词、动词不定式或动名词的一般式；是被动关系，则用过去分词、ing形式或动词不定式的被动式；如果非谓语的动作比谓语先（或先很久）发生，那么非谓语动词要用完成式（to have done/to have been done/ having done/ Having been done），否则我们要用非谓语的一般式（to do / to be
4、done / doing / being done / done）。非谓语动词的知识网络(以动词do为例)（非谓语动词根据其表示的动作的发生时间和意义可以有不同的形式）非谓语动词形式to do不定式来源:学科网ZXXK一般式：to do/to be done来源:学科网来源:学科网来源:学。科。网进行式：to be doing完成式：to have done/to have been done否定式：not/never to dov.ing形式一般式：doing/being done完成式：having done/having been done否定式：not doingv.
5、73;ed形式否定式：not done1不定式作状语(1)原因状语多用在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后。Im very glad to be invited to attend the meeting.我很高兴被邀请参加这个会议。(2)目的状语可与so as to/in order to替换，但so as to一般不可置于句首。(2015·北京高考单项填空)To catch the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.为了赶上早班航班，我们提前预订了出租车，并且起得很早。(3)结果状语常
6、表示意想不到的结果，常用only to do。George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.乔治战后归来，却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。熟记固定结构：(1)only/just to; tooto；so/such as to；enough (for sb.) to(2)beadj.to do sth.As far as Im concerned, the book is very hard to learn.就我个人而言，这本书很难理解。 2分词作状语(1)v.ing形式：现在分词作
7、状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随、结果等。现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系，且含有进行之意。(2015·天津高考单项填空)Having worked for two days，Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.已经忙活了两天，史蒂夫设法按时完成了他的报告。Having been laughed at for his mistakes, the boy was ashamed and embarrassed.那男孩因犯错而被嘲笑，因此又羞愧又尴尬。(被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词的动作之
8、前)(2)v.ed形式：过去分词作状语，用来表时间、条件、让步、原因、伴随等。过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系，且含有完成之意。Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famous.由于在这部新电影中担任重要角色，安迪有了出名的机会。Given more attention, the children could have grown better.给予更多的关注，孩子们本来能够成长得更好。(3)源于系表结构的部分过去分词作状语，表示句子主语所处的一种状
9、态。不表示被动关系，其前不用being，常见的有：seated(坐着的)、hidden(躲着)、devoted(专注的)、lost/absorbed in(沉溺于)、born in(出身于)、dressed in(穿着)、tired of(厌烦了)等。Absorbed in his book, he didnt notice me enter the room.他专注于读书，没注意到我进入房间。(1)把握分词与句子逻辑主语之间的关系；区别现在分词与过去分词：现在分词表示主动或正在进行，过去分词表示被动或完成。 (2)现在分词的完成式having done表示分词的动作和句子主语之间是主动关系，
10、同时分词动作先于句子谓语动词发生。Having driven all day, we were rather tired.开了一天的车，我们相当累。(3)不定式作结果状语为主观上意想不到的结果，现在分词作结果状语为客观上顺其自然而产生的结果。More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了很多高速公路，这使人们的出行变得更容易了。3有些分词或不定式短语作状语，构成独立结构，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响。常见的有：ge
11、nerally speaking一般来说；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by根据来判断；considering/takinginto consideration考虑到；to tell the truth说实话；compared to/with与相比较；to begin with首先；seeing鉴于/由于；supposing假设，如果；assuming假使；given考虑到，鉴于；provided(that)如果；concerning关于Judging from what he said just now, he must be very satisfie
12、d with your performance.根据他刚才说的判断，他一定对你的演出很满意。4独立主格结构(1)独立主格结构的特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词、形容词、副词、不定式、介词短语等是逻辑上的主动或被动关系；独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开。(2)独立主格结构的构成：名词/代词现在分词/过去分词；名词/代词形容词；名词/代词副词；名词/代词不定式；名词/代词介词短语。The test finished(When the test was finished), we began our holiday.考试结束了
13、，我们的假期开始了。Weather permitting(If weather permits), we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许的话，明天我们去拜访你。典例 (2015·全国卷语法填空)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _ (cool) the house during the hot day.定语形式功能现在分词一般式doing表示动作是主动进行的行为或者正在进行当中现在分词一般式的被动结构being d
14、one表示动作是被动行为且正在进行当中过去分词done表示动作是被动完成的行为或者单纯表示已经完成动词不定式to do表示将要发生的动作动词不定式一般式的被动结构to be done表示将要被做的动作(2015·北京高考单项填空)The park was full of people, enjoying (who enjoyed) themselves in the sunshine.公园里人山人海，人们在阳光下玩得很快乐。Tsinghua University, founded (which was founded) in 1911, is home to a great numb
15、er of outstanding figures.清华大学建立于1911年，是许多杰出人物的摇篮。(1)准确判定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系；(2)准确判定非谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间，即是正在进行或已经完成还是将要发生。 The problem discussed at the last meeting was of great importance.The matter being discussed now is of great importance.The problem to be discussed at the next meeting is of gr
16、eat importance.典例1 (2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days，she never left her baby，not even to find something _ (eat)!典例2 (2015·全国卷语法填空)A study of travelers _(conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.非谓语动词中能作宾语的有动名词和不定式：1只能跟动名词作宾语的动词和短语：suggest,
17、imagine, mind, admit, practice, allow，advise，risk, keep, keep on, avoid, escape, enjoy, consider, excuse, finish, miss, insist on, look forward to, feel like, get down to, object to等。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题，以免冒犯他。2只能跟不定式作宾语的动词和短语：wish, hope, decide, r
18、efuse, promise, pretend, manage, mean, plan, fail, choose, would like等。She will attempt to beat the world record.她试图要打破世界纪录。3既可用动名词又可跟不定式的动词和短语：remember, forget, regret, stop, go on, need, start, begin, try等。Remember to turn off the lights before you go to bed.记得睡觉之前把灯关了。I still remember being taken
19、 to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.我仍记得别人带我去过法门寺，并记得在那里我所看到的一切。4it作形式宾语，代替真正作宾语的动词不定式或动名词。I think it important to learn English well.我认为学好英语很重要。典例 (2016·全国卷乙语法填空)My ambassadorial duties will include _(introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a rese
20、arch centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.1“五看二听一感觉”的感官动词和短语(see, watch，observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, feel等)后面的宾语补足语常见的有三种非谓语动词形式(do/doing/done)。do表主动和完成(被动句中to还原)，doing表主动或正在进行，done表被动或完成。I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast.我抬头注意到一条蛇
21、正蜿蜒着爬上树去捕捉它的早餐。Listen! Do you hear someone calling for help?听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命了吗？I was sleeping when I heard my name shouted.听到有人喊我的名字时，我正在睡觉。2热点动词let, make, have, get, leave, keep, find后接非谓语动词形式作补足语。Jenny hopes that Mr. Smith will suggest a good way to have her written English improved in a short period
22、.詹尼希望史密斯先生会建议一个好的方法以使她的英语写作在短期内得到提升。3固定短语，如advise/allow/encourage/request/warn sb. to do sth.等。The patient was warned not to eat oily food.病人被警告不要吃油腻的食物。4with复合结构常用形式：with The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步，他们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。With a
23、 lot of work to do, she wasnt allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做，她不被允许离开办公室。典例 (2015·天津高考)Hed seen us _(sit) by the lake all those times.1非谓语动词中能作主语的有动名词和不定式(1)动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的、一次性的或尚未做的动作。As we all know, going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.众所周知，早睡早起是一个好习
24、惯。To complete the program needs much effort.完成这项计划需要很大的努力。(2)it作形式主语，代替真正作主语的动词不定式或动名词。常见句型有：It is/was no use/gooddoing sth.；It is/was not any use/gooddoing sth.；It is/was of little use/gooddoing sth.；It is/was useless doing sth.; Its a waste of time doing sth.等。As is known to us, its no use complai
25、ning without taking action.众所周知，只抱怨不采取行动没用。Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.定期更新数据是很重要的。2非谓语动词作表语(1)非谓语动词中能作表语的有现在分词、过去分词、动名词和不定式。注意现在分词作表语意为“令人感到的”，而过去分词作表语意为“本身感到的”。The news was exciting and we were excited the whole night.这则消息令人激动，我们激动了整整一晚上。(2)get, become, look, seem, appear
26、等系动词后可跟过去分词作表语，表示被动或主语的状态。This quotation from Winston Churchill tells us that we shouldnt get discouraged right after failures.温斯顿·丘吉尔的这句名言告诉我们，失败后我们绝不能气馁。3非谓语动词作其他成分固定句式do/have/其他动词sth.but (to) do sth.中的不定式用法。此结构要遵循前有实义动词do, but后则无to，反之则有to的原则。She has no choice but to cry in face of the diffic
27、ulty.面对困难她除了哭之外别无选择。典例1 (广东高考语法填空)We got a little _(sunburn)，but the day had been so relaxing that we didnt mind.典例2 (全国卷语法填空)It took years of work _(reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. 单句语法填空1(2017·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟)Nervous and anxious, Jill failed _(make) a good impression at the j
28、ob interview.2(2017·四川成都七中诊断)To his surprise, Jack found his son _(dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.3(2016·浙江高考单项填空)To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study _ (conduct) in Australia in 2012.4(2016·北京高考单项填空) _ (make) it easier to get in touch wi
29、th us, youd better keep this card at hand.5(2017·湖北龙泉中学、宜昌一中联考)You begin to understand how Chinese speakers have their thoughts _(organize), and how they understand things. 单句改错1(2016·全国卷丙短文改错)I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes. _2(全国卷)She used to holding me on her kne
30、es and sing old songs. _3(陕西高考)One evening at sunset，we sat by the fire，have our barbecue. _4(全国卷)Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner，which might not be served until 8 oclock at night._5(浙江高考)I am awfully tiring，but I know Ill never fall asleep._6(2016·浙江高考
31、短文改错)It was both excited and frightening to be up there！My sister and I thought he was so cool for putting us there._【总结】一，非谓语动词作主语作主语的可以是不定式和动名词。非谓语动词用法不定式往往表示一次性的、具体的动作；表目的常用it作形式主语，而把不定式后置动名词表示一般或抽象的行为有时也可用it作形式主语，但仅限于几个句型二，非谓语动词作宾语作宾语的可以是不定式和动名词，但是不定式一般不作介词的宾语，如作介词宾语，不定式符号to前面往往有疑问词。三，非谓语动词作表语作表
32、语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词。非谓语动词用法不定式表示某一特定行为，尤其是将来的或有待实现的行为动名词不强调动作，只说明动作的名称，或主语的内容现在分词表示主语具有的特征过去分词表示主语的感受或所处的状态四，非谓语动词作补语作补语的可以是不定式、现在分词和过去分词。非谓语动词用法不定式表示动作的全过程或经常性、反复性现在分词表示一个主动、正在进行的动作过去分词表示一个被动或完成的动作五，非谓语动词作定语作定语的可以是不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。非谓语动词作后置定语的三种被动形式名词to be done表将来the meeting to be held tomorrow名
33、词done 表过去和完成the house built years ago名词being done表进行the meat being cooked now非谓语动词用法不定式一般位于被修饰词之后，表示发生在谓语动词之后的动作，若表示已经发生的动作，名词前多用形容词、分词、序数词等修饰动名词一般位于被修饰词之前，说明被修饰词的用途现在分词表示主动、正在进行的意义过去分词表示被动、完成的意义六，非谓语动词作状语作状语的可以是不定式、现在分词、过去分词。非谓语动词用法不定式一般式表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有将来意义可表示原因、目的、结果等表示目的可置于句首，表示原因、结果置于句中表示结果时
34、一般含有出人意料之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系现在分词分词表示的动作与句子主语是主动关系，且含有进行意义可表示时间、原因、结果、伴随等表示结果置于句末，其他情况置于句末、句首均可表示结果时含有“顺其自然而产生”之意，和前句之间往往有因果关系过去分词分词表示的动作与句子主语有被动关系，且含有完成意义可表示时间、原因、方式、条件等，置于句首、句末均可【走向高考】.单句语法填空1. (2016·浙江卷)To return to the problem of water pollution, I'd like you to look at a study _ (conduct) in
35、 Australia in 2012.2(2016·全国卷)My ambassadorial duties will include _ (introduce) British visitors to the 120plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.3(2016·全国卷)People probably cooked their food in large pots, _ (use) twigs(树枝) to remove it.
36、4(2016·北京卷)_ (make) it easier to get in touch with us, you'd better keep this card at hand.5(2016·北京卷)_ (order) over a week ago, the books are expected to arrive any time now.6(2015·全国卷)When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough _ (cool) the
37、house during the hot day.7(2014·全国卷)I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused _ (stop) until we reached the next stop.8(2014·全国卷)Still, the boy kept _ (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting.9(2017·陕西西安一中二模·改编)With a lot of diff
38、icult problems _ (settle), the manager felt like a cat on hot bricks.10(2017·陕西西安二模·改编)_ (judge) from his accent, he is from the south of China.11(2017·四川成都七中诊断·改编)To his surprise, Jack found his son _ (dress) as Santa Claus on Christmas Eve.12(2017·湖南益阳箴言中学模拟·改编)Nervou
39、s and anxious, Jill failed _ (make) a good impression at the job interview.13(2016·四川卷)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something _ (eat)!14(2015·全国卷)Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people _ (li
40、ve) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.15(2015·全国卷)A study of travelers _ (conduct) by the website TripAdvisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.16. (2018·北京) _ (travel) along the old Silk Road is an interesting and rewarding experience 17. (2018·北京) During the Mid-
41、Autumn Festival, family members often gather together _ (share) a meal, admire the moon and enjoy moon cakes.18. (2018·北京) Ordinary soap, _(use) correctly, can deal with bacteria effectively. 19. ( 2018·天津) I didn't mean _(eat) anything but the ice cream looked so good that I couldnt h
42、elp_( try) it.20. ( 2018·天津 ) I need a new passport so I will have to have my photographs_(take). 21. (2018·江苏)Around 13,500 new jobs were created during the period, _ (exceed) the expected number of 12,000 held by market analysts.22. (2018·新课标I卷)You dont have to run fast or for long (see) the benefit.23. (2018·新课标I卷)You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of (die) early by running. 24. (2018··新课标III卷) Once his message was delivered, he allowed me _ (stay)and watch.