《语法填空 教学设计--高三英语二轮专题复习.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《语法填空 教学设计--高三英语二轮专题复习.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Instructional Design of High School English Grammatical FillingContributor: Ethan Time: 27 December 2021Teaching ObjectivesKnowledge objectives:To master the features of grammatical blank filling, as well as the corresponding techniques in solving the problems.Ability objectives:To improve the abili
2、ty of analysing sentence structure.To apply grammar to practice freely.Emotion objectives:To cultivate the awareness of using grammar precisely.Teaching Key Points Teaching Difficult Points Teaching MethodsSituational teaching; deduction and induction.Teaching Procedures语法填空一、考查方式语篇型语法填空题型旨在考查综合运用语法
3、知识的能力,完全排除了过去蒙答案的可能性。语法填空的出题方式是,在一篇200词左右的短文中留出10个空白,部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式。语法填空是考查“词法与句法知识”的项目。词法部分侧重考查动词时态及语态、非谓语动词、冠词、代词、并列连词、形容词与副词、介词等;句法部分侧重考查定语从句、名词性从句等。试题本着“突出语境、重在运用、符合表达、体现能力”的原则,强调语法知识在具体语境中的运用。因此,掌握一定的文化背景、揣摩说话人的意图成了解决语法填空的关键。语篇型填空考查形式分为给出提示词和不给提示词两种。(1)给出提示词的包括:构词法(名词与动词的转换、名词与形容词的转换、形容词与副词的转
4、换等);形容词比较级与最高级的变化;名词单复数的变化;动词的时态和语态及非谓语动词等。(2)不给出提示词的包括:根据上下文语境填入冠词、连词、代词等。二、解题步骤1. 通读全文,了解大意,把握特征,弄清文脉。篇章层面的理解主要包括文章的主旨大意,作者的观点、意图、立场,句与句之间的关系以及时态变换四个方面。2. 巧用已知,降低难度,铺平道路。有提示词的空格可视为已知条件,充分利用。所以,可先着手填有提示词的空格,注意时态、语态和名词单复数。所剩的空格越少,文章的大意越清晰,难度也会相对降低。3. 理解句意,分析结构,大胆推测,各个击破。理解了文章整体意思后,必须要看清各个句子的意思,尤其是含空
5、格的句子的意思。分析句子结构是答题过程中很关键的一步。做题时,首先确定句子的“主谓宾”成分,看看该句子缺不缺谓语动词,然后再考虑其他成分。此时,要借助上下文的暗示或明示,确定需要填的单词的词性、形式和功能。4. 重读全篇,仔细核查,语法正确,语义连贯。做完题后,应该静下心来,仔细复读全文,关注所填的词语是否符合文意。从语义连贯、逻辑合理的角度认真复查答案的合理性和正确性,尤其注意动词、连词、介词的搭配以及名词的形式等。5. 拼写准确,书写规范,大小写正确。对于接触到的题,力求吃透每个知识点,并通过练习来进行强化和巩固。三、方法技巧1. 有提示词填空题有提示词填空题要求使用括号中词语的正确形式填
6、空,主要考查谓语动词的主谓一致及时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词或副词的比较级及最高级、名词的复数形式、词性或词形转化这几种情况。(1)给出名词当设空处后的括号中给出的提示词是名词时,一般考查其复数形式和名词所有格等。第一步:判断词性。根据题干的语法结构,特别是空前的限定词判断词性。冠词、代词、数词、形容词等后应用名词。第二步:确定名词的形式。确定词性为名词后,再确定名词是否可数,用单数还是复数,用名词的所有格还是其他形式。如果是可数名词,则要根据设空处前的修饰语、谓语动词的形式或语境确定是用单数还是复数。【例1】Its reported that a great many _ (zoo) wi
7、ll be built all over the country.解析 根据空格前的信号词a great many可判断出空格处应使用复数名词,所以填zoos。【例2】It is calculated by dividing a _ (person) weight in kg by their height in meters squared.解析 句意:体重指数的计算方法是将一个人的体重(以千克为单位)除以身高(以米为单位)的平方,体重指数在19到25之间就被认为是健康的。结合句意可知,所填词充当定语应修饰名词weight,且表示所属关系,所以应使用名词所有格persons。(2)给出代词当
8、给出的是代词时,要根据上下文的语境及语义填写人称代词、物主代词、反身代词或不定代词。作定语,使用形容词性物主代词;作主语,使用主格或名词性物主代词;作宾语,使用宾格、名词性物主代词或反身代词。【例1】At that time, I tried my best to make _ (I) understood by all my friends.解析 设空处位于动词make的宾语的位置,句子的主语为I,应使用反身代词myself作make的宾语,所以填myself。【例2】Toms English is good in our class, but _ (I) is much better th
9、an his.解析 设空处位于主语的位置,意为“我的英语”,应使用I的名词性物主代词,所以填mine。(3)给出形容词或副词当给出形容词或副词时,往往要求写出形容词或副词的比较级或最高级形式;有时考查形容词与副词之间的转换。第一步:分析结构,确定设空处在句子中作定语还是状语。第二步:根据结构、特征性词汇或语境确定是用比较级还是最高级以及是否需加表示否定或相反意义的前缀或后缀。【例1】The other frog went on jumping as hard as he could.He jumped even _ (hard) and finally made himself out.解析
10、联系前句和even(更加)可知设空处用比较级,故答案为harder。【例2】The water was simply the container for an act of kindness and love. Nothing could be _ (sweet).解析 用nothing与an act of kindness and love相对比,这里是用比较级的否定形式表示最高级,因此答案是sweeter。(4)给出动词当设空处后面给出动词原形时,设空处一般会考查谓语动词的屈折变化,包括时态、语态、主谓一致等,或者非谓语动词。考查谓语动词的屈折变化主谓一致、时态和语态第一步:分析句子结构,
11、确定句中是否缺谓语。如缺谓语动词,则考查动词的时态或语态。第二步:看主语与谓语之间是主动关系还是被动关系,以确定用主动语态还是被动语态,同时还要根据语境考虑用哪种时态。第三步:根据语境确定主谓一致。第四步:注意特殊句式。如祈使句使用动词原形。【例1】At that time, soda pop was sold in bottles, and they were washed and _ (fill) again.解析 分析句子结构可知,设空处为谓语动词且与washed并列,主语they与fill为被动关系,但设空前已经有了助动词were,故设空处应填filled。【例2】In Logan,
12、three people _ (take) to a hospital, while others were treated at a local clinic.解析 根据were treated(一般过去时的被动语态)可知此空需用一般过去时,根据语境可知此空还需用被动语态,又因主语为three people(复数概念),故答案为were taken。【例3】My mother often said to me, “_ (work) hard if you want to make more progress in your study.”解析 根据直接引语中的句意和结构可判断,if从句前的主
13、句为祈使句,谓语动词应使用动词原形,故填Work。考查非谓语动词的屈折变化第一步:若句中已有谓语,且设空处不作并列谓语,应考虑该空是否考查非谓语动词。第二步:根据非谓语动词在句中所作句子成分、句式的特殊要求或某些词语的特殊要求,确定用哪种非谓语动词形式。如作目的状语一般用不定式形式,而作原因、伴随、时间等状语时,需用现在分词、过去分词形式;如作主语或宾语用动名词或不定式;如作动词enjoy,finish等的宾语时,需用动名词;如作动词decide,refuse等的宾语时,需用不定式。如设空前为系动词,需用分词作表语。第三步:确定非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系。第四步:根据非谓
14、语动词的动作与谓语动词的动作发生的先后顺序确定用一般式还是用完成式。【例1】_ (complete) the project as planned, well have to work two more hours a day.解析 逗号后为一个完整的句子,逗号前既没有并列连词也没有从属连词,故设空处应用非谓语动词作状语。根据语境可知设空处作目的状语,故需用不定式形式。句子主语we与complete为逻辑上的主动关系,又因设空处位于句首,故答案为To complete。【例2】When I was a young boy about 8 years old, my younger sister
15、 and I got the idea to buy something for my mother for Mothers Day. Money was hard _ (make).解析 设空处所在的句子为主系表结构,根据句子结构可判断设空处作状语,be表示难、易、好、坏的形容词,后面需用不定式的主动形式作状语,故答案为to make。【例3】It rained heavily in the south, _ (cause) serious flooding in several provinces.解析 非谓语动词的逻辑主语为前面整个句子,逻辑主语与cause之间为主动关系,故使用现在分词
16、causing作结果状语。【例4】The dictionary _ (sell) in the bookstore is very popular among the students.解析 分析句子结构可知,空格处作dictionary的后置定语,sell与被修饰名词dictionary之间为被动关系,所以填sell的过去分词sold。(5)词性或词形转化词性转化多以派生词变化为主,如:形容词与名词间的相互转化,形容词与动词间的相互转化,动词与名词间的相互转化等。第一步:分析结构,确定要填的词在句中充当哪种句子成分。比如,修饰动词、形容词或副词或修饰整个句子作状语,用副词;作主语或宾语,用名
17、词;在冠词、形容词性物主代词或名词所有格后,用名词。第二步:根据构词法将括号中的词变成所需要的词类。注意:有时不但要注意词性转化,而且还要考虑用表示相反意义的前缀或后缀,其逻辑意义才通顺;而且要特别注意所填词的正确的拼写形式。【例1】In the _ (seven) grade, I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California.解析 句意:在七年级的时候,我开始在加州的蒙特利湾水族馆做志愿者。表示“七年级”用序数词,所以填seventh。【例2】With so many problems, he is _ (c
18、ertainly) how to start. 解析 此处所填单词在be动词之后作表语,因此用形容词形式。特别注意:根据句意可知,此处应该是“不确定的”,所以应该用uncertain。【例3】Apart from defence, other purposes of the Great Wall have included border controls, the _ (encourage) of trade and the control of immigration.解析 句意:除了防御外,长城其他的用途还包括控制边疆、鼓励贸易和控制移民。设空处在句中作included的宾语,故填名词en
19、couragement。2. 无提示词填空题无提示词填空题需在没有提示词的情况下根据上下文的语境、句子结构填入符合语法、句法的单词。这类设题主要考查代词、冠词、介词、并列连词、复合句,也有可能考查情态动词和虚拟语气、特殊句式等。(1)代词包括不定代词、指示代词、替代词、人称代词、物主代词和反身代词等。第一步:分析句子结构。若句子缺主语,则要填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it;若动词或介词后面缺宾语,则要填代词的宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it。如果该宾语与主语是同一人(或物),应用反身代词。第二步:理解句意和上下文。根据各个代词的意义和用法以及句子的意义,填入合适的代词。【例1】When st
20、resses throw your nervous system out of balance, relaxation techniques can bring _ back into a balanced state.解析 根据语境可知,此处应用it指代上文的your nervous system。【例2】Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didnt answer _ of them.解析 句意:Jane被问了很多问题,但她一个都没回答出来。any与not连用表全部否定,符合句意。【例3】A strong memory depends on
21、 the health and vitality (活力) of your brain. Humans are highly social animals, so relationships stimulate (刺激) our brainsin fact, interacting with _ may be the best brain exercise.解析 由上文的关键信息词social animals和relationships分析可知,与人沟通即与“别人”(others)沟通是对大脑的最好锻炼。(2)冠词或其他限定词如果设空处后为名词,要弄清句子结构,设空处为名词的定语,又无提示词时
22、,可确定设空处应填冠词冠词(a、an、the)或其他限定词(如形容词性物主代词、other、another、either、both等)。【例1】In order to find a better job, he decided to study _ second foreign language.解析 句意:为了找到一份更好的工作,他决定再学习一门外语。“不定冠词+序数词”表示“又一,再一”,而“定冠词+序数词”表示排序。根据句意及上述用法可确定答案为a。【例2】To say it is one thing, but to do it is _ thing.解析 根据第一个分句中的one th
23、ing可判断设空处应为another。习惯用语:A is one thing, and B is another或its one thing to do A, and its another thing to do B,其意为“是一回事,是另一回事;和截然不同”。(3)介词若设空处后是名词、代词、动名词或what从句,且它们不作主语或宾语时,很可能就是填介词。然后根据具体的语境或空格所在句的意思来确定填哪个介词。若设空处前是动词且设空处后为名词、动名词,设空处也可能填介词构成动词短语。【例1】The only reason why a man would sell his house _ a
24、lower price would be that he needed money badly.解析 a lower price在句中不作主语,也不作动词的宾语,根据固定搭配可知用介词at。at a lower price意思是“以极低的价格”。【例2】Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back _ a big tree.解析 句意:吉姆太累了,背靠一棵大树很快就睡着了。表示“靠着,倚着”使用介词against。(4)动词助动词和情态动词若句子结构较完整,设空处后的谓语动词是原形、have done或be doing等,特别是主谓不一致或谓语动词的时态与上
25、下文时态不一致时,很可能填情态动词或用来强调谓语动词的助动词do,does,did;若构成部分倒装,设空处后需有主语,主语后需为动词原形或过去分词、现在分词,这时需根据需要填do,does,did;have,ha;is,am,are或某些情态动词。【例1】“Where _ you go yesterday, Tom?” asked the teacher.解析 直接引语部分为特殊疑问句,根据时间状语yesterday可判断直接引语部分谓语动词应使用一般过去时,故助动词应使用did。【例2】I explained that while I didnt carry any cash, I _ ha
26、ppen to have a new blanket, and asked him if he could use it.解析 因谓语动词happen是原形,而前后的谓语动词都是过去式,所以此处应填情态动词或助动词;“虽然我没有带现金,但我的确恰好有一张新毯子”,故填助动词did来对谓语动词进行强调。(5)并列连词并列连词的考查包括and, but, or, so等。一般空白处前后为两个并列成分,如两个单词、短语或主谓结构完整的句子,且相互之间存在并列、转折或选择等关系。注意:若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间,或者两个单词以及短语中间,没有句号或分号,也没有连词,那空格处通常是填连接词,否则,
27、句子结构就不完整。【例1】In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl” cultures of China, Japan, Korea, _Vietnam, food is usually eaten with chopsticks. 解析 Vietnam与前面的“China, Japan, Korean”之间是并列关系,故填并列连词and。【例2】But the river wasnt changed in a few days _ even a few months. 解析 由wasnt和a few days及空后的even a
28、 few months可知填or。or用于否定句,提出两种或多种事物,意为“也不”。(6)从句的引导词若两个句子之间没有并列连词连接,且中间没有分号或句号,则为主从复合句,应填从句的引导词。从句引导词包括从属连词、代词、副词等几种,可以引导定语从句、名词性从句和状语从句。要根据从句的特点并结合连接词的意义和作用来确定具体的连接词。状语从句一般要根据主从句之间的逻辑关系及关联词的意义来确定答案。状语从句考查表示原因的从属连词(because, as等)、表让步的从属连词(though, although, as等)、表条件的从属连词(if, unless等)、表时间的从属连词(when, whi
29、le, as, before, after, until, since等)、表结果的从属连词(so.that.或such.that.等)。【例1】My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _ the bus arrived.解析 由两句之间的逻辑关系可知,是“和我一起等着直到公共汽车来”,所以用until或till引导时间状语从句。【例2】Over time, _ the population grew, people began cutting food into small pieces so it would cook
30、 more quickly. 解析 空白处引导的是时间状语从句,表示“随着.”或“当.时”,故可填as或when。定语从句应首先找准先行词,并判断关系词(替代先行词)在从句中作哪种句子成分,然后通过先行词指人或物,还是表示地点、时间或原因进一步确定答案。定语从句考查关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)或关系副词(when, where, why)。【例1】As a matter of fact, Tom didnt like the present, _ was given by his father.解析 分析句子结构并结合句意可判断,此处考查非限
31、制性定语从句。先行词为the present,指物,所以关系词填which。【例2】A company _ profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.解析 句意:国内市场利润正在下降的公司可以去国外寻找机会。先行词为company,将先行词代入定语从句后为:The companys profits from home markets are declining. 由此可见profit和company是所属关系,故填whose。【例3】The boss of the company is tryin
32、g to create an easy atmosphere _ his employees enjoy their work.解析 句意:公司老板正尽力创造一种轻松的气氛,在这种气氛中,其员工喜欢他们的工作。句中先行词为atmosphere,在从句中作地点状语(抽象地点),故用关系副词where。【例4】Behind him were other people to _ he was trying to talk.解析 空格前后都是句子且这两个句子之间没有关联词,应填关联词;分析句子结构可知此处应填一个定语从句的关系词,先行词是people,关系词指人且作介词to的宾语,故应选用关系代词wh
33、om。名词性从句主要是判断引导词在从句中是否作成分。如作成分,分析具体作主语、宾语还是状语等;如果不作成分,还要进一步判断是否有词汇意义来确定答案。名词性从句考查连接词that, if/whether, which, who, whom, what, when, why, where, how等。【例1】As natural architects, the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly _ thick the adobe (黏土坯) walls needed to make the cycle work on most days. 解析 figure o
34、ut后为宾语从句,空后为形容词thick,此处表示“多厚”,故填how。【例2】Actually, what I want to stress is _ we should take immediate measures to protect the environment.解析 表语从句的结构和意义均完整,所以填that。【例3】While they are rare north of 88, there is evidence _ they range all the way across the Arctic, and as far south as James Bay in Canad
35、a.解析 句意:虽然在北纬88度以北很少见到北极熊,但是有证据表明它们在整个北极地区活动,向南甚至远到加拿大的詹姆斯湾。设空处引导同位语从句,说明evidence的内容,该从句中不缺少任何成分,所以要用that引导。that无词义、不充当成分、仅起连接作用。【例4】Your support is important to our work. _ you can do helps.解析 句意:你的支持对我们的工作很重要。无论你做什么都有帮助。根据语境可知,“helps”是谓语动词,“_ you can do”是主语从句。从句中do后面缺少宾语,且指物,故填Whatever。(7)特殊句式特殊句式
36、主要考虑强调句、倒装句、存现句(there be句型)、感叹句、祈使句(“祈使句+and/or+将来时”结构)等。【例1】_ was only after I heard she became sick that I learned she couldnt eat MSG (味精) !解析 去掉空格后的was及后面的that后句子结构依然完整,由此可知此处为强调句型“It was.that.”,故填It。【例2】_I regret the hours wasted in the woods and fields!解析 根据标点符号可知本句为感叹句,设空处后为一个句子,故设空处用How,相当于H
37、ow much。【例3】Not only Alice _ also Jane and Mary are tired of having one examination after another.解析 根据前面的Not only可判断设空处应填but,构成“not only.but also.”结构。四、随堂练习阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。AKim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minorit
38、y of academics 1 are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change. Travelling to conferences, lectures, workshops, and the likefrequently by plane 2 (view) as important for scientists to get together and exchange information. But Cobb and others 3 (be) now questioning that ideapushing
39、conferences to provide more chances to participate remotely, and 4 (change) their personal behavior to do their part in dealing with the climate change crisis. On a website called No Fly Climate Sci, for example, 5 (rough) 200 academicsmany of them climate scientists 6 (promise) to fly as little as
40、possible since the effort started two years ago. Cobb, for her part, started to ask conference organizers who invited her to speak 7 she could do so remotely; about three-quarters of 8 time, they agreed. When the answer, was no, she, declined the 9 (invite). That approach brought Cobbs air travel la
41、st year down by 75%, and she plans 10 (continue) the practice. “It has been fairly rewarding”, she says“a really positive change.”BSome time after 10,000 BC, people made the first real attempt to control the world they lived 11 , through agriculture. Over thousands of years, they began to depend les
42、s on 12 could be hunted or gathered from the wild, and more on animals they had raised and crops they had sown.Farming produced more food per person 13 hunting and gathering, so people were able to raise more children. And, as more children were born, more food 14 (need). Agriculture gave people the
43、ir first experience of the power of technology 15 (change) lives.By about 6000 BC, people 16 (discover) the best crops to grow and animals to raise. Later, they learned to work with the 17 (season), planting at the right time and, in dry areas, 18 (make) use of annual floods to irrigate (灌溉) their f
44、ields.This style of farming lasted for quite a long time. Then, with 19 rise of science, changes began. New methods 20 (mean) that fewer people worked in farming. In the last century or so, these changes have accelerated. New power machinery and artificial fertilizers (化肥) have now totally transform
45、ed a way of life that started in the Stone Age. 答案A本文是一篇说明文。语篇内容介绍的是学者团体减少航空飞行以应对气候变化危机。1. 考查定语从句。根据句意“Kim Cobb教授是为数不多但日益增多的少数(因为气候变化而减少航空旅行的)学者之一”,可知定语从句(括号内部分)修饰的是学者们“academics”,并且从句缺少主语,需要选用关系代词且指代人,因此可用who或that。2. 考查时态语态和主谓一致。由句意“经常乘飞机去参加会议、讲座、工作坊等,被科学家们视作很重要的”可知“视作(view)”是被动,且表示一种共识(客观存在),因此用一般
46、现在时的,再根据主语是动名词用单数谓语,所以填is viewed。此外,也可理解为“经过长时间的存在,这事已经被科学家们视作重要的”因此,也可用现在完成时的被动语态has been viewed。3. 考查主谓一致和时态语态。分析句子结构可知,主语“Cobb and others”是许多人,因此用复数谓语;再根据now及后面的现在分词questioning判断,此句为现在进行时,应填are。4. 考查非谓语动词。根据句意“Cobb和其他人现在质疑这种想法,他们敦劝会议提供更多远程参与的机会,并改变他们的个人行为”并分析句子结构,pushing和设空处是并列的,由and连接,都是现在分词作方式或伴随状语,因此用changing。5. 考查副词。分析句子结构可知,设空处及其后面为主语,意为“大约200名学者”,因此用副词“roughly(粗略地;大约)”修饰数量结构。6. 根据句意“自两年前这种尝试开始以来,200名学者就已经承诺尽可能少地飞行”和标志词“since two years ago”,可知应使用现在完成时,因此用have promised。7. 考查宾语从句。句意为“Cobb开始问(邀请她演讲的)会议组织者,她是否可以远程演讲”,分析句子结构可知从句为ask之后(表示询问的内容),因此是宾语从句