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1、 Thesis for 2007 Masters Degree of Shanxi University A Pragmatic Study on Humor of Crosstalk Name Cao Yandong Supervisor Prof.WuYaxin Major Foreign Linguistics & Applied Linguistics Field of Research Pragmatics Department School of Foreign Languages Research Duration September 2003 June 2006 May 200
2、7 / 山 西 大 学 2007 届硕士研究生学位论文 相声幽默的语用研究 作者姓名： 曹燕东 指导教师： 吴亚欣教授 学科专业： 外国语言学与应用语言学 研究方向： 语用学 培养单位 . 外国语学院 学习年限： 2003 年 9 月 一 2006 年 6月 二七年五月 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a great pleasure that this thesis is made possible with a wealth of contributions of a host of the following individuals and institutions tha
3、t I would like to gratefully acknowledge. My special thanks go to my supervisor, Professor Wu Yaxin, for her heuristic instruction, constant support and patient encouragement. It is her insight, wisdom, strictness and kindness that help me succeed in mastering a considerable amount of knowledge of P
4、ragmatics. I am also greatly indebted to her for her constant concern for my thesis. My heartfelt thanks go to Professor Yu Guodong, Professor Liu Hailiang, Professor Nie Jianzhong, Professor Gao Jian and many other respectable teachers who contributed their much valuable time, great efforts and con
5、siderable expertise to impart and instill a bulk of knowledge on linguistics and other theories in my three-year studies. Their commitment of hard work and critical review of my early drafts of the essay materials helped me shape this essay well beyond what I expected. My heartfelt thanks also go to
6、 the Library of Shanxi University and the National Library of China， which provided me with a fast access to a great quantity of academic books and magazines and enabled me to build the viewpoints on translation in my essay. Last but not the least, I am particularly indebted to my beloved mother for
7、 her love and dedication to me all the time, and unswerving support, both material and spiritual, which sustained me through the tough times and steered the thesis to completion. ABSTRACT Crosstalk is a special form of our national art and a linguistic art provided with comedic style. It appraises l
8、ife with humorous language and makes people obtain instruction and enlightenment in laughter. Laughter is the lifeline of crosstalk, and a crosstalk that cannot make people laugh cant be called a “crosstalk”. Thus， the research into crosstalk focuses on that into humor of crosstalk. The process of c
9、rosstalk texts creation is communicative one between the author and the expected audience. The present research focuses onsYo/jw/y/e crow 如 /坏一兴沉 and takes crosstalk text as data. It aims to probe how the crosstalk authors with varying degrees of consciousness build the humor of crosstalk well. A qu
10、alitative analysis of data from the pragmatic perspective is adopted. The author of crosstalk constructs the crosstalk humor from three dimensions: humor building at discourse level, at the sub-discourse level, and in the output manner of 1 肪guage， concretely speaking， disco 肥 e stmcture making of c
11、rosstolk， c/W-wra/?/祀 ry producing; distribution and cooperation of speech acts of humor-maker and humor-assistant, which are the three composing ingredients of the crosstalk humor, and in which the choices of linguistic strategies are made. The variable linguistic strategies in the three composing
12、ingredients of crosstalk humor show the variability of crosstalk language. Whether the final crosstalk can make audience laugh or not depends on expected audiences, which shows the negotiability of language. The crosstalk authors makes the linguistic choice from repertoire according to context and m
13、akes it possible that audiences feel crosstalk humorous and then laugh, which shows the adaptability to the contextual correlates. This study, through carefully scrutinizing the data, by reference to the model proposed by Dr YU Guodong, builds a framework of analysis on the basis of Linguistic adapt
14、ation Theory. Under the direction of the framework, the contextual factors to which the strategy choices in the realm of the three ingredients of crosstalk humor adapt are classified into adaptation to psychology factors (including the communicative intention, cognitive psychology to humor and need
15、for esteem), adaptation to social factor (involving life experiences). Keywords: Humor of crosstalk; Three composing ingredients of crosstalk humor; Linguistic Adaptation Theory; Psychology factor; Social factor 相声是我国特殊的民族艺术形式，是具有喜剧风格的语言艺术，它以幽默诙谐 的语言褒贬生活，使人们在笑声中得到教益和启示。笑声是相声的命根子，不能让 人发笑的相声就不能称之为相声。因
16、此研究相声重在研究相声幽默。 本文研究聚焦 “ 一头沉 ” 故事体类型的相声，以文本相声为语料，认为文本相 声是相声作者与预想观众间交际的产物，旨在研究具有不 同意识程度的相声作者是 如何构建好的相声幽默的。本文从语用学角度对语料进行定性分析。以维索尔伦的 语言顺应论为指导建立了本文的理论框架，试图借助非语言因素来解释语言现象， 为相声幽默的研究提供一条新的途径。 相声作者是从相声语篇层面、相声语篇层面以下层面、具体表现为语篇结构、 包袱制造、语言输出方式，相声捧逗言语功能分工与合作上进行语言策略以及具体 语言的选择，來构建相声幽默的。这三大相声幽默构成要素的语言策略与具体语言 的运用体现了相
17、声语言的差异性。而最终是否能写出令观众发笑的相声，取决于预 想观众，这体 现了语言的协商性。 相声作者根据语境从可行的语言资源中进行语言选择。使观众感受到相声幽默 从而发笑成为可能，这体现了语言的顺应性。以上相声幽默构成的三要素顺应的语 境因素分为 .顺应心理因素（包括相声作者的交际意图、幽默的认知心理、尊重需 要 ）；顺应社会因素（主要指生活经验 )。 关键词：相声幽默；幽默构成三要素；语言顺应论；心理因素 ; 社会因素 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . i ABSTRACT (English) . ii ABSTRACT (Chinese) . iv Chapter
18、One Introduction . 1 1.1 Introduction . 1 1.2 The rationale of the present study . 2 1.3 The problems of the existing studies . 2 1.4 . The objectives of the present study . 3 1.5 Methodology . 4 1.6 Outline of the thesis . 5 Chapter Two A Review of the Relevant Literature. 6 2.1 Introduction . . 6
19、2.2 The study on crosstalk by crosstalk authors . 6 2.2.1 The relevant terms of the crosstalk . 6 2.2.1.1 The terms of the dialogue crosstalk . 6 2.2.1.2 The terms of the crosstalk structure . 8 2.2.1.3 The terms of laughingstock of the crosstalk . 8 2.2.1.4 The terms of the two crosstalk actors . 9
20、 2.2.2 The study on the structure of crosstalks . 9 2.23 The study on the humor techniques in crosstalk languages . 11 2.2.4 The study on the form of dialogue of crosstalk . 13 2.3 The study on crosstalk in linguistic field . 14 2.4 The present study . 15 2.5 Summary . 16 Chapter Three Description o
21、f the Conceptual Framework . 17 3.1 Introduction . 17 3.2 Verschuerenns Adaptation Theory . 17 3.3 Relevance theory . 19 1 Jc 3.4 . A description of the framework . 21 3.5 . Summary . 24 Chapter Four Humor Building of Crosstalk at Discourse Level and Analysis of Adaptation. 25 4.1 Introduction. 25 4
22、.2 Humor building at the level of discourse structure . 25 4.2.1 Discourse structure of crosstalk. . 25 4.2.2 Humor building at the level of discourse structure . 27 4.3 . Three elements to which humor building at discourse level adapts . 28 4.3.1 . Adaptation to communicative intention of the autho
23、r of crosstalk . 28 4.3.2 Adaptation to popular life experience . 29 4.3.3 Adaptation to universal cognitive psychology . 29 4.4 Summary . 32 Chapter Five Humor Building of Crosstalk at Sub-Discourse Level and Analysis of Adaptation . 33 5.1 Introduction . 33 5.2 Hunor strategies at the sub-discours
24、e level . 33 5.2.1 False conventional implicatures . 33 5.2.2 Self-contradictory pragmatic intents . 34 5.2.3 Deliberate misinterpretation . 35 5.2.4 False presupposition . 36 5.3 Adaptation analyses of humor building at the sub-discourse level of crosstalk . 37 5.3.1 Adaptation to the psychology wo
25、rld of the expected audience. 37 5.3.1. 1 Adaptation to human cognitive psychology . . 37 5.3.1.2 Adaptation to the need for esteem . 39 5.3.2 Adaptation to the topic of a crosstalk . 40 5.4 Summary . 42 Chapter Six Humor Building by the Speech Acts of the Two Actors and Analysis of Adaptation . 43
26、6.1 Introduction . 43 6.2 The speech acts of the two actors in humor building . 43 6.2.1 Creating suspense vs. fostering suspense . 44 6.2.2 Preparing the prerequisite for the laughingstock vs. aiding preparation . 45 6.2.3 Creating a false impression vs. misguiding the audience . 47 6.2.4 Revealing
27、 the truth vs, strengthening the effect or clarifying . 48 6.3 Adaptational analysis of the speech acts performed by the two actors . 49 6.3.1 Adaptation to human cognitive psychology . 50 6.3.2 Adaptation to audiences life experience . 51 6.4 Summary . 53 Chapter Seven Conclusion . 54 7.1 Introduction . 54 7.2 Summary of findings . 54 7.3 Limitations of this study . 55 7.4 Suggestions for futureresearch . 55 BIBLIOGRAPHY . 56 HI Sr 致谢 . 英 文 摘 要 中文摘要 第一章 . 1 1.1 ls . 1 1.2 本研究的出发点 . 2 1.3 现有研究存在的问题 . 2 1.4 本研究的目