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1、2022年辽宁职称英语考试真题卷本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Black Holes1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death
2、 can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the stars surface until it suddenly explodes then collapses.2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few
3、 metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare:
4、if a star thats ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole thats no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole thats only a fraction of an inch!3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black hol
5、es can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. Its possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star,
6、 only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since
7、black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and lat
8、er contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of _ . 2.第二篇Putting Plants to WorkUsing the power of the
9、 sun is nothing new. People have had solar-powered calculators and buildings with solar panels for decades. But plants are the real experts: Theyve been using sunlight as an energy source for billions of years.Cells in the green leaves of plants work like tiny factories to convert sunlight, carbon d
10、ioxide, and water into sugars and starches, stored energy that the plants can use. This conversion process is called photosynthesis. Unfortunately, unless youre a plant, its difficult and expensive to convert sunlight into storable energy. Thats why scientists are taking a closer look at exactly how
11、 plants do it.Some scientists are trying to get plants, or biological cells that act like plants, to work as miniature photosynthetic power stations. For example, Maria Ghirardi of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colo., is working with green algae. Shes trying to trick them into
12、producing hydrogen instead of sugars when they perform photosynthesis. Once the researchers can get the algae working efficiently, the hydrogen that they produce could be used to power fuel cells in cars or to generate electricity.The algae are grown in narrow-necked glass bottles to produce hydroge
13、n in the lab. During photosynthesis, plants normally make sugars or starches. But under certain conditions, a lot of algae are able to use the sunlight energy not to store starch, but to make hydrogen. Ghirardi says. For example, algae will produce hydrogen in an airfree environment. Its the oxygen
14、in the air that prevents algae from making hydrogen most of the time.Working in an airfree environment, however, is difficult. Its not a practical way to produce cheap energy. But Ghirardi and her colleagues have discovered that by removing a chemical called sulfate from the environment that the alg
15、ae grow in, they will make hydrogen instead of sugars, even when air is present.Unfortunately, removing the sulfate also makes the algaes cells work very slowly, and not much hydrogen is produced. Still, the researchers see this as a first step in their goal to produce hydrogen efficiently from alga
16、e. With more work, they may be able to speed the cells activity and produce larger quantities of hydrogen.The researchers hope that algae will one day be an easy-to-use fuel source. The organisms are cheap to get and to feed, Ghirardi says, and they can grow almost anywhere: You can grow them in a r
17、eactor, in a pond. You can grow them in the ocean. Theres a lot of flexibility in how you can use these organisms.What does Ghirardi say about algaeAThey grow faster in a reactor.BThey will be planted everywhere.CThey are cheap to eat.DThey can be a good energy source. 3.第三篇On the Trail of the Honey
18、 BadgersOn a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers movements and behaviou
19、r as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animals reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.“The problem wi
20、th honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they wont be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. Theyre
21、actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they coul
22、d catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animals fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its l
23、iquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other
24、.Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food
25、 source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animals curiosity or their sudden aggression. The badge
26、rs eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers relaxed attitude when near humans.What happened when honey badgers
27、got used to humans around themAThey became less aggressive towards other creatures.BThey lost interest in people.CThey started eating more.DOther animals started working with them. 4.Black Holes1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have
28、discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the stars surface until it suddenly explodes the
29、n collapses.2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and th
30、e gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star thats ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole thats no longer than 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole thats only a fraction of an inch!3. Objects that get sucked
31、 in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. Its possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because
32、the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einsteins theory of relativity. In t
33、he end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black h
34、oles might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.Albert Einsteins theor
35、y of relativity helps to prove _ . 5.Wide World of RobotsEngineers who build and program robots have fascinating jobs. These researchers tinker (修补) with machines in the lab and write computer software to control these devices. Theyre the best toys out there, says Howie Choset at Carnegie Mellon Uni
36、versity in Pittsburgh. Choset is a robotics, a person who designs, builds or programs robots.When Choset was a kid, he was interested in anything that moved cars, trains, animals. He put motors on Tinker toy cars to make them move. Later, in high school, he built mobile robots similar to small cars.
37、Hoping to continue working on robots, he studied computer science in college. But when he got to graduate school at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Chosets labmates were working on something even cooler than remotely controlled cars: robotic snakes. Some robots can move only forw
38、ard, backward, left and right. But snakes can twist (扭曲) in many directions and travel over a lot of different types of terrain (地形). Snakes are far more interesting than the cars, Choset concluded.After he started working at Carnegie Mellon, Choset and his colleagues there began developing their ow
39、n snake robots. Chosets team programmed robots to perform the same movements as real snakes, such as sliding and inching forward. The robots also moved in ways that snakes usually dont, such as rolling. Chosets snake robots could crawl (爬行) through the grass, swim in a pond and even climb a flagpole
40、.But Choset wondered if his snakes might be useful for medicine as well. For some heart surgeries, the doctor has to open a patients chest, cutting through the breastbone. Recovering from these surgeries can be very painful. What if the doctor could perform the operation by instead making a small ho
41、le in the body and sending in a thin robotic snake Choset teamed up with Marco Zenati, a heart surgeon now at Harvard Medical School, to investigate the idea. Zenati practiced using the robot on a plastic model of the chest and then tested the robot in pigs.A company called Medrobotics in Boston is
42、now adapting the technology for surgeries on people.Even after 15 years of working with his teams creations, I still dont get bored of watching the motion of my robots, Choset says.The robotic technology for surgeries on people has brought a handsome profit to Medrobotics.ARightBWrongCNot mentioned
43、6.Why India Needs Its Dying VulturesThe vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three species of Indias vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic (51) in vulture nu
44、mbers is causing widespread disruption to people living in the (52) areas as the birds. It is also causing serious public health problems (53) the Indian sub-continent.While their reputation and appearance may be unpleasant to many Indians, vultures have (54) played a very important role in keeping
45、towns and villages all over India (55) . It is because they feed on dead cows. In India, cows are sacred animals and are (56) left in the open when they die in their thousands upon thousands every year.The disappearance of the vultures has (57) an explosion in the numbers of wild dogs feeding on the
46、 remains of these (58) animals. There are fears that rabies may increase as a result. And this terrifying disease may ultimately affect humans in the region, (59) wild dogs are its main carriers. Rabies could also spread to other animal species, (60) an even greater problem in the future.The need fo
47、r action is (61) , so an emergency project has been launched to find a solution to this serious vulture problem. Scientists are trying to (62) the disease causing the birds deaths and, if possible, develop a cure.Large-scale vulture (63) were first noticed at the end of the 1980s in India. A populat
48、ion survey at that time showed that the three species of vultures had declined (64) over 90 per cent. All three species are now listed as “critically endangered”. As most vultures lay only single eggs and (65) about five years to reach maturity, reversing their population decline will be a long and
49、difficult exercise.AdangerousBcleanCsmellyDbeautiful 7.Why India Needs Its Dying VulturesThe vultures in question may look ugly and threatening, but the sudden sharp decline in three species of Indias vultures is producing alarm rather than celebration, and it presents the world with a new kind of environmental problem. The dramatic (51) in vulture numbers is causing