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1、2022年辽宁职称英语考试真题卷（3）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigat
2、ors at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said
3、they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a nights sleep than 8-hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good nights rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night.
4、 He added that it might be a good idea for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleepfor instance,
5、 one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much
6、 they slept during the Week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept be
7、tween 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help inso
8、mnia is to spend less time in bed. It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they11 spend a higher percentage of time awake, he said.A. Keprikes research toolB. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleepC. Criticism on Kripkes reportD. A way of overcoming insomniaE. Sleep
9、problems of long and short sleepersTo get a good nights rest, people may not need to_. 2.The Function of Adrenocorticotriopin Some people can quite accurately time the end of their nights sleep at will, without using an alarm clock, demonstrating that it is possible to voluntarily control a state of
10、 consciousness that is characterized by a loss of volition and attentional guidance. Here we show that the expectation that sleep will come to an end at a certain time induces a marked increase in the concentration of the hormone adrenocorticotriopin(促肾上腺皮质激素) in the blood one hour before waking. Th
11、e regulation of adrenocorticotropin release during nocturnal sleep is therefore not confined to daily rhythms._(46). _(47). Normally, the release of adrenocorticotropin and cortisol(皮质醇) increases during late stages of sleeping, reaching a daily maximum at the time of spontaneous waking. Adrenocorti
12、cotropin and Cortisol are also released from the pituitary-adrenal system in a major adaptive response to stress, and are secreted in anticipation of stressful events. We investigated whether the increase in the secretion of pituitary-adrenal hormones during the late stages of sleeping in part refle
13、cts anticipation of the stress of the waking phase. _( 48 ). We made recordings of electroencephalogram, electrooculogram and electromyogram throughout the night, and took blood samples every 15 minutes to determine plasma concentrations of adrenocorticortropin and Cortisol. Lights were turned off a
14、t midnight, after subjects had been told they would be woken at eight 6:00 ( short sleep, on one night) or 9:00(long sleep, on the other two nights). On one of the long-sleep nights they were woken at 9:00 as they expected, but on the other night they were instead woken at 6:00 (surprise) under the
15、pretence of a technical problem._(49). We interviewed the volunteers at the end of the experiments, and found that all but one of the subjects had expected to be woken up at the specified time. The order of the three experimental nights was balanced across subjects, with five subjects starting with
16、short sleep, five with long sleep, and five with the surprise condition. The increase in adrenocorticotropin release before the expected time of waking indicates that anticipation, which is generally considered to be unique characteristic of the regulation of conscious action, pervades sleep_(50). T
17、he regulation of adrenocorticotropin release points to a mechanism that quickly adjusts endocrine activity to sharp changes in the duration.A. The regulation of sleep termination has been thought to be embedded in a daily rhythm controlling in paralleling the release of pituitary and adrenal hormone
18、s.B. Fifteen healthy volunteers with regular sleep-wake rhythms were studied during three nights.C. It also reflects a preparatory process in anticipation of the end of sleep.D. After being woken, subjects stayed in bed for another three hours.E. The anticipatory adrenocorticotropin increase may als
19、o facilitate spontaneous waking.F. About 10 million Americans consult doctors sleep problems each year. 3.Richard Wagner Richard Wagner (1813 1883) is regarded by many The Revolutionist of Opera, who demolished all old forms, and who reconstructed the music drama principles entirely his own. In the
20、strictest , this belief is not justified, for Wagner simply returned to the oldest version of the music drama. He found that the ideal construction of the opera in Florence had been to produce work in which the music, drama and interpretation should be equal importance. Wagner studied the changes an
21、d abuses which Gluck had correct, and found that the opera of the nineteenth century had back into many of the old customs, with the result, that there was no longer a complete of the three fundamentals of opera. Wagner tells us in his autobiography that his early life was influenced by the dramas o
22、f Shakespear, the symphonies of Beethoven, and the operas of Von Weber. His first operas were constructed on the lines of the French grand opera. The first two were absolute failures, but with the of Rienzi in 1842, Wagner was proclaimed the equal, if not the superior, Bellini, Donizetti and Meyerbe
23、er. In the writing of this work he had discovered the dramatic absurdities of the form, in his next work, The Flying Dutchman, he attempted his first important use of the leit motif, or characteristic , for his different personages , and also used these themes, in anticipation of the advent of his c
24、haracters, in a manner he later described as making the audience a part of the being. his way to Dresden to conduct Rienzi, Wagner visited the Wartburg Castle, and there he became familiar the legendary stories which he used in all his later works. Tannhauser gives an actual description of the Minne
25、singer Knights, who inspired Wagner Teutonic versions of The Ring of the Nibelungs, Lohengrin ,Tristan and Isolde and Parsifal.AofBinConDfrom 4.Male and Female pilots cause accidents differently Male pilots flying general aviation(private)aircraft in the United States are more likely to crash due to
26、 inattention or flawed decision, making, while female pilots are more likely to crash from mishandling the aircraft. These are the results of a study by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. The study identifies the differences between male and female pilots
27、in terms of circumstances of the crash and the type of pilots error involved. Crashes of general aviation aircraft account for 85 percent of all aviation deaths in the United States. The crash rate for male pilots, as for motor vehicle drivers, exceeds that of crashes of female pilots, explains Susa
28、n P. Baker, MPH, professor of health policy and management at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. Because pilot youth and inexperience are established, contributors to aviation crashes, we focused on only mature pilots, to determine the gender differences in the reasons for the crash. The researc
29、hers extracted data for this study from a large research project on pilot aging and flight safety. The data were gathered from general aviation crashes of airplanes and helicopters between 1983 and 1997, involving 144 female pilots and 267 male pilots aged 40-63. Female pilots were matched with male
30、 pilots in a 1:2 ratio, by age, classes of medical and pilot certificates, state or area of crash, and year of crash. Then the circumstances of the crashes and the pilot error involved were categorized and coded without knowledge of pilot gender. The researchers found that loss of control on landing
31、 or takeoff was the most common circumstance for both sexes, leading to 59 percent of female pilots crashes and 36 percent of males. Experiencing mechanical failure, running out of fuel, and landing the plane with the landing gear up were among the factors more likely with males, while stalling was
32、more likely with females. The majority of the crashes 95 percent for females and 88 percent for males involved at least one type of pilot error. Mishandling aircraft kinetics was the most common error for both sexes, but was more common among females(accounting for 81 percent of the crashes) than ma
33、les (accounting for 48 percent). Males, however, appeared more likely to be guilty of poor decision-making, risk-taking, and inattentiveness, examples of which include misjudging weather and visibility or flying an aircraft with a known defect. Females, though more likely to mishandle or lose contro
34、l of the aircraft, were generally more careful than their male counterparts.inattention /n.疏忽aviation /n. 航空flawed /adj.有缺陷的mishandle /v. 瞎弄，乱处理MPH ( Master of Public Health) 公共卫生硕士gender /n.性，性别run out 耗尽，用完stall v. (飞机)失速, (发动机)熄火kinetics /n. 动力学In the comparison of female and male pilots, _.Afema
35、le pilots are found to be more courageous and risk-taking.Bmale pilots are found to be more professional and attentive.Cfemale pilots are found to make more errors out of carelessness.Dmale pilots are found to make more errors in decision-making. 5.Defective Genes and Human Health Each of us carries
36、 about half a dozen defective(有缺点的) genes. We remain blissfully(快乐地) unaware of this fact unless we, or one of our close relatives, are amongst the many millions who suffer from a genetic disease. About one in ten people has, or will develop at some later stage, an inherited(遗传的)genetic disorder, an
37、d approximately 2,800 specific conditions are known to be caused by defects (mutations) in just one of the patients genes. Some single gene disorders are quite common-cystic(胞状的) fibrosis (纤维化) is found in one out of every 2,500 babies born in the Western Worldand in total, diseases that can be trac
38、ed to single gene defects account for about 5% of all admissions to childrens hospitals. Most of us do not suffer any harmful effects from our defective genes because we carry two copies of nearly all genes, one derived from our mother and the other from our father. The only exceptions to this rule
39、are the genes found on the male sex chromosomes (染色体) Males have one X and one Y chromosome, the former from the mother and the latter from the father, so each cell has only one copy of the genes on these chromosomes. In the majority of cases, one normal gene is sufficient to avoid all the symptoms
40、of disease. If the potentially harmful gene is recessive(后退的), then its normal counterpart(配对的) will carry out all the tasks assigned to both. Only if we inherit from our parents two copies of the same recessive gene will a disease develop. On the other hand, if the gene is dominant(显性的), it alone c
41、an produce the disease, even if its counterpart is normal. Clearly only the children of a parent with the disease can be affected, and then average only half the children will be affected. Huntingtons chorea (舞蹈病) , a severe disease of the nervous system, which becomes apparent only in adulthood, is
42、 an example of a dominant genetic disease. Finally, there are the X chromosome-linked genetic diseases. As males have only one copy of the genes from this chromosome, there are no others available to fulfill the defective genes function. Examples of such diseases are Duchenne muscular dystrophy(营养不良
43、) and, perhaps most well known of all, hemophilia(血友病). Queen Victoria was a carrier of the defective gene responsible for hemophilia, and through her it was transmitted to the royal families of Russia, Spain, and Prussia. Minor cuts and bruises, which would do little harm to most people, can prove
44、fatal to hemophiliacs, who lack the proteins(Factors VIII and IV) (凝血因子VIII和IV)involved in the clotting(血凝结)of blood, which are coded for by the defective genes. Sadly, before these proteins were made available through genetic engineering, hemophiliacs were treated with proteins isolated from human
45、blood. Some of this blood was contaminated(污损) with the AIDS virus, and has resulted in tragic(悲惨的) consequences for many hemophiliacs. Use of genetically engineered proteins in the rapeutic applications, rather than blood products, will avoid these problems in the future. Not all defective genes ne
46、cessarily produce detrimental(有害的)effects, since the environment in which the gene operates is also of importance. A classic example of a genetic disease having a beneficial effect on survival is illustrated by the relationship between sickle-cell,(镶形血球)anemia (贫血症) and malaria(疟病). Only individuals
47、 having two copies of the sickle-cell gene and one normal gene are unaffected and, more importantly, are able to resist infection(传染) by malarial parasites (寄生虫). The clear advantage, in this case, of having one defective gene explains why this gene is common in populations in those areas of the wor
48、ld where malaria is endemic(特有的).Which of the following royal families was not affected by hemophilia through Queen VictoriaARussiaBSpainCEnglandDThailand 6.Natural Medicines Since earliest days, humans have used some kinds of medicines. We know this because humans have survived. Ancient treatments for injury and disease were successful enough to keep humans from dying out completely. They were successful long before the time of modern medicine. Before the time of doctors with white coats and shiny (发亮的) instruments. B