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1、2022吉林公共英语考试模拟卷（5）本卷共分为1大题50小题，作答时间为180分钟，总分100分，60分及格。一、单项选择题（共50题，每题2分。每题的备选项中，只有一个最符合题意） 1.Questions 1720 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 1720.According to the speaker, how do some pesticides get into ponds A They are applied to aquatic weeds by fish far
2、ming. B Amphibians release them from their skin. C Irresponsible dispose of them in ponds. D They are washed into ponds by the rain. 2.Novel approaches to babymaking seem to be coming at us so fast that we hardly have time to digest one before the next one hits test-tube babies, egg donation, surrog
3、acy, cloning and now sex selection. And just as with earlier methods, the new sperm-separation technique announced last week has triggered plenty of ethical concern. Only a few critics have argued that tampering with nature to avoid a sex-linked genetic disease should be taboo. But plenty have expre
4、ssed misgivings about using the new technology more casually, to balance families, or simply because parents prefer boys or girls. Such choices, critics say, could lead to an imbalance in the sex ratio, with drastic consequences for society. These arguments are not very persuasive. In some developin
5、g countries where boys are more highly valued than girls, sex selection is already standard practice, accomplished by means of infanticide of amniocentesis and abortion. The new sperm-separation technique makes it easier for more people to practice sex selection in these countries. This could skew t
6、he already tilting sex radio even further in favor of boys. In the short term, such demographic shifts could cause enormous societal problems as men, for example, find it increasingly difficult to find women to marry. In the long term, however, both evolutionary and economic theories tell us that as
7、 girls become more scarce, they will become more highly valued, perhaps to the point at which more people will select for girls than against them. In America and other Western countries there seems to be little chance of the sexes going far out of balance at all. Polls show that a majority of Americ
8、ans view a perfect family as having one boy and one girl. If everyone used sex selection to achieve perfection, the result would be perfect balance. Of course, some prospective parents do prefer children of one sex or the other. But such preferences would presumably balance out as well. Regarding th
9、e argument that choosing gender goes against nature: the same objection was used in earlier times by people horrified by vaccines or heart transplants, which are now completely acceptable. Every time we use medicine to cure a disease or prevent a death, we go against nature willingly. Admittedly, se
10、x selection for family balancing cures no disease. In fact, though, no form of babymaking solves a medical problem. Sex selection, moreover, is medically bengin in comparison with most reproductive technologies. No surgery is involved, and the entire process can theoretically be performed without a
11、physician. Children born through this process cant be distinguished from other children. For these reasons, I suspect that as sex selection and other reproductive technologies become more efficient and less costly, they may be embraced by American families of even modest means who ask themselves, wh
12、y not What was once unimaginable could become routine and the link between the sex act and reproduction will no longer be seen as sacred. Ultimately, this may prove to be the real significance of sex selection: by breaching a powerful psychological barrier, it will pave the way for true designer bab
13、ies, who could really turn society upside down.Which of the following statements is true A The sexes go far out of balance in Western countries. B Perfect balance would not be achieved in view of an American perfect family. C Evolutionary and economic theories show no sign of an imbalance in sex rat
14、io. D It is high time for us to prevent sex selection from becoming routine. 3.A UCSF study has revealed new information about how the brain directs the body to make movements. The key factor is noise in the brains signaling, and it helps explain why all movement is not carried out with the same lev
15、el of precision. Understanding where noise arises in the brain has implications for advancing research in neuromotor control and in developing therapies for disorders where control is impaired, such as Parkinsons disease. The new study was developed to understand the brain machinery behind such comm
16、on movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object, says Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W.M. Keck Center for Integrative Neuroscience at the University of California, San Francisco. Study co-investigators are Leslie C. Osborne, P
17、hD, a postdoctoral fellow at UCSF, and William Bialek, PhD, professor of physics at Princeton University. The study findings, reported in the September 15 issue of the journal Nature; are part of ongoing research by Lisberger and colleagues on the neural mechanisms that allow the brain to learn and
18、maintain skills and behavior. These basic functions are carried out through the coordination of different nerve cells within the brains neural circuits. To make a movement, the brain takes the electrical activity of many neurons and combines them to make muscle contractions, Lisberger explains. But
19、the movements arent always perfect. So we asked, what gets in the way The answer, he says, is noise, which is defined as the difference between what is actually occurring and what the brain perceives. He offers making a foul shot in basketball as an example. If there were no noise in the neuromotor
20、system, a player would be able to perform the same motion over and over and never miss a shot. Understanding how noise is reduced to very precise commands helps us understand how those commands are created, says Lisberger, who also is a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and a UCSF profess
21、or of physiology. In the study, the research team focused on a movement that all primates are very skilled at: an eye movement known as smooth pursuit that allows the eyes to track a moving target. In a series of exercises with monkeys in which the animals would track visual targets, the researchers
22、 measured neural activity and smooth pursuit eye movements. From this data, the team analyzed the difference between how accurately the animals actually tracked a moving object and how accurately the brain perceived the trajectory. Findings showed that both the smooth pursuit system and the brains p
23、erceptual system were nearly equal. This teaches us that these very different neural processes are limited to the same degree by the same noise sources, says Lisberger. And it shows that both processes are very good at reducing noise. He concludes, Because the brain is noisy, our motor systems dont
24、always do what it tells us to. Making precise movements in the face of this noise is a challenge.How does noise affect a basketball players performance A It helps him hit the target every time. B It makes him a perfect player. C It makes him miss the shot sometimes. D It allows him to follow the bra
25、in instruction. 4.Questions 1720 are based on the following talk. You now have 20 seconds to read Questions 1720.According to the speaker, why do pesticides pose a threat to amphibians A Pesticides can cause an amphibians skin to dry out. B Pesticides kill the insects that amphibians depend on for f
26、ood. C Dissolved pesticides can easily enter amphibians bodies. D Amphibians may eat plants that have been treated with pesticides. 5.Novel approaches to babymaking seem to be coming at us so fast that we hardly have time to digest one before the next one hits test-tube babies, egg donation, surroga
27、cy, cloning and now sex selection. And just as with earlier methods, the new sperm-separation technique announced last week has triggered plenty of ethical concern. Only a few critics have argued that tampering with nature to avoid a sex-linked genetic disease should be taboo. But plenty have expres
28、sed misgivings about using the new technology more casually, to balance families, or simply because parents prefer boys or girls. Such choices, critics say, could lead to an imbalance in the sex ratio, with drastic consequences for society. These arguments are not very persuasive. In some developing
29、 countries where boys are more highly valued than girls, sex selection is already standard practice, accomplished by means of infanticide of amniocentesis and abortion. The new sperm-separation technique makes it easier for more people to practice sex selection in these countries. This could skew th
30、e already tilting sex radio even further in favor of boys. In the short term, such demographic shifts could cause enormous societal problems as men, for example, find it increasingly difficult to find women to marry. In the long term, however, both evolutionary and economic theories tell us that as
31、girls become more scarce, they will become more highly valued, perhaps to the point at which more people will select for girls than against them. In America and other Western countries there seems to be little chance of the sexes going far out of balance at all. Polls show that a majority of America
32、ns view a perfect family as having one boy and one girl. If everyone used sex selection to achieve perfection, the result would be perfect balance. Of course, some prospective parents do prefer children of one sex or the other. But such preferences would presumably balance out as well. Regarding the
33、 argument that choosing gender goes against nature: the same objection was used in earlier times by people horrified by vaccines or heart transplants, which are now completely acceptable. Every time we use medicine to cure a disease or prevent a death, we go against nature willingly. Admittedly, sex
34、 selection for family balancing cures no disease. In fact, though, no form of babymaking solves a medical problem. Sex selection, moreover, is medically bengin in comparison with most reproductive technologies. No surgery is involved, and the entire process can theoretically be performed without a p
35、hysician. Children born through this process cant be distinguished from other children. For these reasons, I suspect that as sex selection and other reproductive technologies become more efficient and less costly, they may be embraced by American families of even modest means who ask themselves, why
36、 not What was once unimaginable could become routine and the link between the sex act and reproduction will no longer be seen as sacred. Ultimately, this may prove to be the real significance of sex selection: by breaching a powerful psychological barrier, it will pave the way for true designer babi
37、es, who could really turn society upside down.The writers reasons for choosing gender show that_. A it is natural for people to object even if it is better than other reproductive technologies B it is easy for people to practice sex selection with no surgery and a physician involved C vaccines or he
38、art transplants which once horrified people are now completely acceptable Deven poor people may accept it because they will have cleverer children through the process of sex selection 6.World leaders met recently at United Nations headquarters in New York City to discuss the environmental issues rai
39、sed at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992The heads of state were supposed to decide what further steps should be taken to halt the decline of Earths life-support systemsIn fact，this meeting had much the flavour of the original Earth SummitTo wit：empty promises，hollow rhetoric，bickering between rich and po
40、or，and irrelevant initiativesThink U.S. Congress in slow motionWhat did the UN call on nations to do about CO2 and other greenhouse gases in 1992 A To sign a new climate treaty at Rio B To draft an agreement among UN nations C To force the United Sates to reduce its emissions D To limit the release
41、of CO2 and other gasesAlmost obscured by this torpor is the fact that there has been some remarkable progress over the past five yearsreal changes in the attitude of ordinary people in the Third World toward family size and a dawning realisation that environmental degradation and their own well-bein
42、g are intimately，and inversely，linkedAlmost none of this，however, has anything to do with what the bureaucrats accomplished in RioOr it didnt accomplishOne item on the agenda at Rio，for example，was a renewed effort to save tropical forests(A previous UN-sponsored initiative had fallen apart when it
43、became clear that it actually hastened deforestation)After Rio，a UN working group came up with more than 100 recommendations that have so far gone nowhereOne proposed forestry pact would do little more than immunizing wood-exporting nations against trade sanctions An effort to draft an agreement on
44、what to do about the climate changes caused by CO2 and other greenhouse gases has fared even worseBlocked by the Bush Administration from setting mandatory limits，the UN in 1992 called on nations to voluntarily reduce emissions to 1990 levelsSeveral years later，its as if Rio had never happenedA new
45、climate treaty is scheduled to be signed this December in Kyoto，Japan，but governments still cannot agree on these limitsMeanwhile，the U.S. produces 7% more CO2 than it did in 1990，and emissions in the developing world have risen even more sharplyNo one would confuse the“Rio process”with progressWhil
46、e governments have dithered at a pace that could make drifting continents impatient，people have actedBirth-rates are dropping faster than expected，not because of Rio but because poor people are deciding on their own to reduce family sizeAnother positive development has been a growing environmental c
47、onsciousness among the poorFrom slum dwellers in Karachi，Pakistan，to colonists in Rondonia，Brazil，urban poor and rural peasants alike seem to realize that they pay the bigg7.A UCSF study has revealed new information about how the brain directs the body to make movements. The key factor is noise in t
48、he brains signaling, and it helps explain why all movement is not carried out with the same level of precision. Understanding where noise arises in the brain has implications for advancing research in neuromotor control and in developing therapies for disorders where control is impaired, such as Parkinsons disease. The new study was developed to understand the brain machinery behind such common movements as typing, walking through a doorway or just pointing at an object, says Stephen Lisberger, PhD, senior study investigator who is director of the W.