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1、Complex sentence 复合句：复合句：由由连词连词连接两个或多个连接两个或多个主谓结构主谓结构的句子，其的句子，其中一个主谓结构是句子的中一个主谓结构是句子的主要部分（主句）主要部分（主句），另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作另一个或一个以上的主谓结构只在句子中作某个成分某个成分（如主语、宾语、表语、（如主语、宾语、表语、定语定语、状、状语、同位语）。语、同位语）。谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。结局好结局好, 一切都好。一切都好。真正的友谊犹如健康的身体真正的友谊犹如健康的身体, 失去时方知失去时方知其可贵。其可贵。ProverbsFriendship is li
2、ke sound health, the value of which is seldom known until it is lost.All is well that ends well.He who laughs last laughs best.在复合句中，修饰某一名词或者代词在复合句中，修饰某一名词或者代词用作定语的句子就叫做用作定语的句子就叫做定语从句定语从句。被。被定语从句修饰的词，叫定语从句修饰的词，叫先行词先行词。引导定语从句的关联词有：引导定语从句的关联词有：定语从句定语从句关系代词关系代词：who, whom whose, which, that ,as关系副词：关系副词
3、：when, where why定定语语从从句句The Restrictive Attributive Clause限制性定语从句限制性定语从句:是先行词在意义上不可缺是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，少的定语， 如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切或失去意义。这种从句和主句关系十分密切， 写时不用逗号分开。写时不用逗号分开。The Non-Restrictive Attributive Clause非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句:和主句关系不很密切，和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，只是对先行词作些附加说明， 如果去掉，如
4、果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句， 写时往写时往往逗号分开。往逗号分开。注意：注意：引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可用不可用that和和why.一一、关系代词的句法功能及指代功能关系代词的句法功能及指代功能 关系代词处在先行词和定语从句之间，关系代词处在先行词和定语从句之间，身兼三职：连接主从句的纽带、指代先行身兼三职：连接主从句的纽带、指代先行词和在从句中充当某种句子成分。现在我词和在从句中充当某种句子成分。现在我们将常用的关系代词的指代功能和在句子们将常用的关系代词的指代功能和在句子中的句法功能总结如下：中的句法功能总结如下
5、：指代人指代人指代物指代物指代人指代人或物或物主语主语whowhichthat宾语宾语whom / whowhichthat定语定语whose (= of whom)whose (= of which)在从句在从句中的作用中的作用指代指代功能功能that 指人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语指人或物，在从句中做主语或宾语, 作宾语时可以省略。作宾语时可以省略。e.g. The house that Im going to buy faces south.Theyre talking about the film.I have seen the film.Theyre talking about th
6、e film (that) Ive seen. It was written by Laoshe.Jane has borrowed the book.Jane has borrowed the book that was written by Laoshe.I have read the newspaper.It carries the important news.I have read the newspaper which carries the important news.which 指物指物, 在句中作主语或宾语在句中作主语或宾语, 作宾作宾语时可以省略。语时可以省略。I sho
7、wed him the letter.I received it this morning.I showed him the letter (which) I received this morning.whom 指人指人, 在从句中作宾语在从句中作宾语, 可省略。可省略。e.g. Do you know the man (whom) we saw at the Beijing Hotel?The girl is from America.I called her just now.The girl (whom) I called just now is from America.who指人，
8、在从句中作主语、宾语指人，在从句中作主语、宾语, 宾语可宾语可省略。省略。The girl who/that is singing is my sister.The man (who) I saw told me to come here.注意：注意：当先行词是当先行词是anyone,those时时有两有两个定语从句，先行词指人，其中一个关系个定语从句，先行词指人，其中一个关系代词已用代词已用that,that,另一个宜用另一个宜用who.Is there anyone who is ready to help the injured ? whose 指人或物，表所属关系，在从句指人或物，表所
9、属关系，在从句中作定语。常可用中作定语。常可用“ the+ 名词名词+of which(物）物）/whom(人）人）”或者或者“ of+which/whom+the+名词名词”代替代替“whose+ 名词名词”This is the building whose windows (the windows of which/of which the windows) were all painted green.There are in this class 20 students, _ are different.A.whose backgrounds B. the backgrounds o
10、f whomC.of whom the backgrounds D.the backgrounds of whose二二、在下述情况下，定语从句中关系代词只能用在下述情况下，定语从句中关系代词只能用：1. I am sure she has nothing that you can borrow.3. I have read all the book that you gave me.4. This is the very book that I want to find.2. This is the first composition that he has written in Engli
11、sh.先行词是先行词是all, none, much, little, few, something, everything, nothing, anything,the one,any等不定代等不定代词时。词时。先行词被先行词被序数词、形容词最高级序数词、形容词最高级修饰时。修饰时。先行词被先行词被all, many, much, little, every, no, some, any等等修饰时修饰时先行词被先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last等修饰时。等修饰时。5.当先行词当先行词为指人和指物为指人和指物两个先行词时两个先行词时She de
12、scribed in her compositions the people and places that impressed her most.6当主句是当主句是以以which或或who开头的特殊疑问句开头的特殊疑问句时如：时如：hich is the car that killed the boy? Who is the person that is standing by the window?7.有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词已用which，另一，另一个宜用个宜用that.They have set up a company,which de
13、als with the things that are related to environment protection.8.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在定语从句中作表当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在定语从句中作表语时，只能用语时，只能用that.Huangzhou is no more the city that used to be.He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.He is working hard, which
14、will make him pass the final exam. The reason for which he didnt come was that he was ill. 三、只用三、只用which，不用，不用that的情况：的情况：a. 引导非限制性定语从句时；引导非限制性定语从句时；b. 引导词前有介词时；引导词前有介词时；c. 一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用一个句子中若有两个定语从句，一个用that引导，另一引导，另一个用个用which引导；引导；四、四、as与与which在非限制性定语从句的使用在非限制性定语从句的使用1、如果定语从句放在主句后，即引用、如果定语从句放在主
15、句后，即引用as也可也可以用以用which.He failed to the exam, as (=which) isnatural. She seems a scientist, as (=which) in fact she is.Grammar is not a dead rule, which (=as) I have said before.2、如果从句在主句前，这时要用、如果从句在主句前，这时要用as而不用而不用which引引导定语从句。如：导定语从句。如： As we all know, his parents were killed in the war.3、as指代前面的整个
16、句子，而指代前面的整个句子，而which既可指代单个既可指代单个的先行词，也可指代整个的句子；的先行词，也可指代整个的句子；4.as代表前面主句意思时，有代表前面主句意思时，有“正如正如”之意，而之意，而which没有此意思，从句中的动词常是没有此意思，从句中的动词常是expect, know, see, think, want, suppose等。等。He won the match, as we had expected.He agreed to the plan, as was to be expected.The police were looking for him, as he t
17、hought.5. as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作作主语。主语。e.g. She has been late again, as was expected. Tom has made great progress, which made us happy6.如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说如果从句的内容对主句内容起着消极作用，或者说导致的结果，则用导致的结果，则用wh
18、ich.He came back late, which made his mother worried.五、只用五、只用 as的情况的情况当先行词被当先行词被 the same,as,such,so修饰时，修饰时，选择关系代词选择关系代词as，在从句中作主语或宾语。，在从句中作主语或宾语。e.g. Such books as you tell me are interesting.This is the same book as I lent you yesterday.Here is so big a stone as no man can lift.注意：注意：当先行词被当先行词被the
19、 same修饰时，可用修饰时，可用 that也可用也可用as，但意思不同。，但意思不同。that表示同一表示同一个，个，as表同一类。表同一类。六、介词六、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词引导的定语从句、关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，、关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom 指人，指人，which指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这指物；但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中Do you know the
20、 boy to whom she was talking?Do you know the boy (that/whom) she was talking to? The pencil with which he was writing suddenly broke.The pencil (which/that) he was writing suddenly broke.2.某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关某些带有介词的动词短语，介词可以提至关系代词之前，但是一些固定搭配的动词短语中，系代词之前，但是一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可以分割，因此不能将介词由于动词和介词不可以分
21、割，因此不能将介词置于关系代词之前，如置于关系代词之前，如look for ,look after,take care of,care for 等。等。This is the book (which/that) I am looking for. 注意注意：介词的选择根据后边动词和介词的搭：介词的选择根据后边动词和介词的搭配关系，或者与前面名词的搭配关系。配关系，或者与前面名词的搭配关系。This is not the book of which the teacher spoke in class.Ill never forget the day on which I first met h
22、im.3.介词介词+关系代词前可有关系代词前可有some,any,none,both,all,neither,most,each,few等不定代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可等不定代词或者数词，有时数词或代词也可以放在介词以放在介词+关系代词之后。关系代词之后。China has thousands of islands, of which the largest/the largest of which is Taiwan.He loved his parents deeply,both of whom/of whom both are very kind to him.4.介词介词+whi
23、ch/whom+定语从句可以改定语从句可以改为为介词介词+ which/whom+ to doI dont have enough money with which I can buy such an expensive dress.=I dont have enough money with which to buy such an expensive dress.5.在非限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，which可作定语，可作定语，指先行词（短语或句子）所表示的信息，形指先行词（短语或句子）所表示的信息，形成成“介词介词+ which+名词名词”结构，相当于结构，相当于and/in
24、/at/during this/that+名词名词He was very ill, in which case(=and in this case) we sent him to hospital first.She lost her temper, at which point(=and at this point) I decided to go back home.Mike was a student at the university from 2000 to 2004,during which time(=and during that time) he studied very h
25、ard and was made chairman of the StudentsUnion.七、定语从句中的主谓一致七、定语从句中的主谓一致1.关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。数要和先行词保持一致。I ，who am your close friend ,will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.2.先行词为先行词为“one of +复数名词复数名词”时，定语从句谓语动词用时，定语从句谓语动词用复数形式，而先行词为复数形式，而先行词
26、为“the only one of +复数名词复数名词”是，是，则用单数。则用单数。Harry potter is one of the bestsellers that are popular with teenagers.Harry potter is the only one of the bestsellers that makes the author a billionaire.3.非限制性定语从句中，由非限制性定语从句中，由as或或which代替整个主句时，从代替整个主句时，从句谓语动词用单数形式。句谓语动词用单数形式。He has passed the exam, which
27、makes us surprised.4.关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要关系代词和谓语动词之间有插入语时，谓语动词单复数要看关系代词的指代。看关系代词的指代。To own a TV set in each family, which we think was impossible 30years age, now has become true.This is the factory.I worked in the factory ten years ago. 1. 关系副词关系副词 whereThis is the factory where I worked ten y
28、ears ago.The school is near a park. My son studies in this school. The school where my son studies is near a park.This is the factory where I worked ten years ago.The school where my son studies is near a park.where 引导的定语从句修饰表示地点引导的定语从句修饰表示地点的名词的名词, 并在定语从句中作并在定语从句中作 _,相当于相当于“介词介词 + _ (which)”。in whi
29、chin which地点状语地点状语关系代词关系代词Theyll never forget July 1. Hong Kong returned to its motherland on July 1. 2. 关系副词关系副词whenTheyll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland.The days are gone forever. We lived together happily during those days. The days when we lived together happily ar
30、e gone forever.Theyll never forget July 1 when Hong Kong returned to its motherland.The days when we lived together happily are gone forever.on whichduring whichwhen 引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的引导的定语从句修饰表示时间的名词名词, 在定语从句中作在定语从句中作 _, 相当相当于于“介词介词 + _ (which)”。时间状语时间状语关系代词关系代词There are many reasons.People like travel
31、ing for many reasons. 3. 关系副词关系副词whywhy 引导的定语从句修饰先行词引导的定语从句修饰先行词 reason, 在从句中作原因状语在从句中作原因状语, 相当相当于于“for + which”。There are many reasons why people like traveling.for whichThe relative adverbReferring to Function in the clausewhen ( = at/ in/ on/ + which)where ( = in/ at/ + which)why ( = for + which)
32、timeadverbial of timeplacereasonadverbial of placeadverbial of reason 温馨提示温馨提示:1.介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，介词的位置非常灵活，有时放在关系代词之前，有时放在动词之后有时放在动词之后.I wont forget the date when( on which) I was born.This is the room where (in which) I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.思考？思考？是否所有的介词是否所有的介词+关系代词都能用关系副
33、词代替关系代词都能用关系副词代替?The painting (_ at which_ I looked) was painted by me.The book (_about which_ I heard) was written twenty years ago.Kunming is a beautiful place _where/in which_ flowers are seen all .the year round).I will never forgot the day _when/on which_ I first met you on the ship.结论：结论：只有当介词
34、只有当介词+关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或原关系代词充当地点状语、时间状语或原因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。因状语时，才能用关系副词代替。2、当先行词是表时间、表地点和表原因的词时，一、当先行词是表时间、表地点和表原因的词时，一定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语是，定要注意分析从句的结构，如果缺少主语或宾语是，关系词应该用关系词应该用which 或或that，缺少时间状语或地点状，缺少时间状语或地点状语时，才能用语时，才能用when、where或或why. Ill never forget the day when my hometown was liberated./ Ill ne
35、ver forget the days which/that we spent together last summer.His father works in a factory where radio parts are made.His father works in a factory which/that makes radio parts.I dont know the reason why he is always late for school.This is the reason that /which you gave me last week.3.一些特殊的先行词如一些特
36、殊的先行词如situation,point,case,activity,scene,stage及及period,occasion等要注意具体情况具体等要注意具体情况具体分析，作主语，宾语和表语时，用关系代词分析，作主语，宾语和表语时，用关系代词that/which;作状语时，用关系副词作状语时，用关系副词where/when或介词或介词+which.This is one point (that/which) we must insist on.Were just trying to reach a point where both sides will sit down together a
37、nd talk.1.区别区别 such.as/soas引导的定引导的定语从句和语从句和such/sothat.引导的结果状引导的结果状语从句语从句.如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是如果从句缺少主语或宾语就是定定语从句语从句，连接词用，连接词用as;如果从句的结构完如果从句的结构完整，就是整，就是状语从句状语从句，连接词用，连接词用 that.He is such a good boy as everyone likes.He is such a good boy that everyone likes him.2.非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别非限制性定语从句与并列句的区别.要区别是并列句要区别是并
38、列句还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是还是非限制性定语从句，关键是看两个句子之间是否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号，否有连词，若有表示并列关系的连词或分号破折号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是并列句；如果两句之间没有这些连接符号，那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需要考虑使用适那就是非限制性定语从句，此时就需要考虑使用适当的关系代词或关系副词了当的关系代词或关系副词了I have many friends, and some of them are businessmen.I have many friends, some of whom are busi
39、nessmen.He said nothing ,and that made me angry.He said nothing that made me angry.3.区别定语从句与名词性从句区别定语从句与名词性从句定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语，宾定语从句中，关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语；而名词性从句中的连词语，表语；而名词性从句中的连词that在从在从句中不作任何成分；疑问代词句中不作任何成分；疑问代词what及疑问副及疑问副词词how可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语可连接名词性从句，但不能引导定语从句。从句。As is known to all, the moon trave
40、ls around the earth.It is known to all that the moon travels around the earth.What is known to all is that the moon travels around the earth.4. 区别定语从句与地点状语从句区别定语从句与地点状语从句关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有表关系副词引导定语从句时，其前面必须有表示时间，地点和原因等先行词，而疑问副词示时间，地点和原因等先行词，而疑问副词连接状语从句时，其前面没有。连接状语从句时，其前面没有。When you read the book,you
41、d better make a mark in the place where you have any questions.When you read the book, youd better make a mark where you have any questions.5. 区别定语从句与强调句、时间状语从区别定语从句与强调句、时间状语从句句that在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语；在定语从句中作主语，宾语，表语；而在强调句型中而在强调句型中that不作任何成分，但不作任何成分，但不能省；在结果状语从句中不能省；在结果状语从句中that也只是也只是起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。起
42、连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。It was this small village (that/which) we lived in 10years ago.It was in this small village that we lived 10years ago.It was 1914 when the war broke out.It was in 1914 that the war broke out.6.注意区别先行词和引导词注意区别先行词和引导词Is this +名词名词+the one +that从句？从句？Is this +the+名词名词+that从句？从句？Is this
43、 school the one that we visited?Is this the school that we visited?7、关系词与先行词的分离、关系词与先行词的分离通常情况下，定语从句的关系词紧跟在先行词通常情况下，定语从句的关系词紧跟在先行词后，但有时为了保持句子平衡，关系词也可后，但有时为了保持句子平衡，关系词也可与其修饰的先行词分离与其修饰的先行词分离A war broke out which lasted more than 20 years.The days are gone when we suffered so Much.8.以以the way 为先行词的定语从句
44、通常由为先行词的定语从句通常由in which或或that引导，而且通常可以省略。引导，而且通常可以省略。The way in which/that he answered the question was surprising.温馨提示温馨提示：The way which/that he explained to us was quite simple.注意注意：在：在way,time ,moment等少数名词作先等少数名词作先行词时，引导定语从句的关系副词常用行词时，引导定语从句的关系副词常用that,而且而且that 常省略。常省略。This is the first time that
45、 I have been here.9.其他情况其他情况A.定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略，但可定语从句中关系代词作主语时不能省略，但可以把定语从句改为分词作后置定语。以把定语从句改为分词作后置定语。The man （who is） standing over there is my teacher. The library （which was） built last yearwas used as a library.B.关系词与被替换词重复关系词与被替换词重复This is the jacket which I bought it last month.This is the jac
46、ket which I bought last month.C.from where 与与from which混用混用（误）（误）They stood on the top of the building, from which they could see the whole city.(正）正）They stood on the top of the building,vfrom where they could see the whole city.解析解析：from where= from the top of the building,from which =from the bui
47、lding,D.注意倒装结构注意倒装结构The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which a well lies.(误）误）The fisherman lives in an old house, in front of which lies a well.（正）（正）解析解析：in front of .放在定语从句句首，放在定语从句句首，且从句中含有动词且从句中含有动词lie,stand等，主语为等，主语为名词，这时要采用完全倒装结构，把名词，这时要采用完全倒装结构，把lie ,stand等放在作主语的名词前。等放在作主语的名词前。
48、练习题练习题1、All_ is useful to us is good.A、whichB、whatC、thatD、whetherC2、Is this factory _ we visited last week.A、whereB、thatC、whichD、the oneD3、She will never forget the day_ she spent in Beijing.A、whenB、whatC、whichD、whyC4、This is the school _ my father worked 20 years ago.A、thatB、whenC、whichD、whereD5、Th
49、is is the very factory_we visited last year.A、thatB、whichC、whatD、the oneA6、The text is one of the most interesting stories_learnt in the past three days.A、that haveB、that have beenC、which hasD、which has beenB7、The college wont take anyone _ eyesight is weak.A、whoB、whoseC、of whomD、whichB8、Let me thin
50、k of a proper situation _ this sentence can be used.A、whereB、thatC、of whomD、whichA9、The man _ you are talking is in the next room.A、to whomB、about whomC、about whoD、whomB10、This is the last factory _ he used to work at, many workers of _ still have a good relationship with him.A、that; itB、which; whom