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1、跨文化交际_期末复习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料Part1ComprehensiveCheck15*2每课的练习APart2MultipleChoice25*1每课的练习E温习题的变体；另外请中看第五章Part3E-CTranslation10*1每课的练习CPart4Term-matching10*1Part5Multiplefunction5*5其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。Terms/questions:1.Economicglobalization:theintegrationofnationaleconomiesintotheinternationalec
2、onomythroughtrade,foreigndirectinvestment,capitalflows,migration,andthespreadoftechnology.2.BarbersystemFarmingcommunitiestradedtheirsurplusproduceinexchangeforproductsandserviceswithoutthemediumofmoney.Humansocietyhasalwaystradedgoodsacrossgreatdistances.3.Globalvillage：realtimeevents、thetimeandspa
3、cecompressionAllthedifferentpartsoftheworldformonecommunitylinkedtogetherbyelectroniccommunications,especiallytheInternet.4.Melting-pot大熔炉:asocio-culturalassimilationofpeopleofdifferentbackgroundsandnationalities.5.Diversity:referstothemixofpeoplefromvariousbackgroundsinthelaborforcewithafullmixofcu
4、lturesandsub-culturestowhichmembersbelong.6.Interculturalcommunication:refertocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalbackgroundsaredistinctenoughtoaltertheircommunicationevent.Perception7.Culture:canbeenseenassharedknowledge,whatpeopleneedtoknowinordertoactappropriatelyinagivenculture.Culture:alearn
5、edsetofsharedinterpretationsaboutbeliefs,values,andnorms,whichaffectthebehaviorofarelativelylargegroupofpeople8.Enculturation(文化习得):alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturation9.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimila
6、ritybetweenthetwocultures.10.Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):thebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.11.Communication:meantosharewithortomakecommon,asingivingtoanotherapartorshareofyourthoughts,hopes,andknowledge.12.ComponentsofCommunication：Source交际邀请Thesourceisthepersonwithanideaheorshedesirestocomm
7、unicate.Encoding编码Unfortunately(orperhapsfortunately),humansarenotabletosharethoughtsdirectly.Yourcommunicationisintheformofasymbolrepresentingtheideayoudesiretocommunicate.Encodingistheprocessofputtinganideaintoasymbol.Message编码信息Thetermmessageidentifiestheencodedthought.Encodingistheprocess,thever
8、b;themessageistheresultingobject.Channel交际渠道Thetermchannelisusedtechnicallytorefertothemeansbywhichtheencodedmessageistransmitted.Thechannelormedium,then,maybeprint,electronic,orthelightandsoundwavesoftheface-to-facecommunication.跨文化交际_期末温习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料Thetermnoisetechnicallyreferstoanythingthatdis
9、tortsthemessagethesourceencodes.Receiver交际接受Thereceiveristhepersonwhoattendstothemessage.Decoding解码Decodingistheoppositeprocessofencodingandjustasmuchanactiveprocess.Thereceiverisactivelyinvolvedinthecommunicationprocessbyassigningmeaningtothesymbolsreceived.Receiverresponse接受反响Thereceiveristheperso
10、nwhoattendstothemessage.Receiverresponsereferstoanythingthereceiverdoesafterhavingattendedtoanddecodedthemessage.Feedback反应Feedbackreferstothatportionofthereceiverresponseofwhichthesourcehasknowledgeandtowhichthesourceattendsandassignsmeaning.Context场景Thefinalcomponentofcommunicationiscontext.Genera
11、lly,contextcanbedefinedastheenvironmentinwhichthecommunicationtakesplaceandwhichhelpsdefinethecommunication.13.Pragmatics语用学:thestudyoftheeffectthatlanguagehasonhumanperceptionsandbehavior.14.Semantics语义学：asystemthatassociateswordstomeaning.Itisthestudyofthemeaningofwords.15.Denotation：theliteralmea
12、ningordefinitionofaword-theexplicit,particular,definedmeaning.16.Connotation：thesuggestivemeaningofaword-allthevalues,judgment,andbeliefsimpliedbyawordthehistoricalandassociativeaccretionoftheunspokensignificancebehindtheliteralmeaning.17.Taboo禁忌语：referstosomeobjects,wordsoractionsthatareavoidedbyap
13、articulargroupofpeople,orincertaincultureforreligiousorsocialreasons.18.Euphemism委婉语：meanstheactofsubstitutingamild,indirect,orvaguetermforoneconsideredharsh,blunt,oroffensive.19.Chronemics时间学：Thestudyofhowpeopleperceiveandusetime.20.Proxemics空间学：referstotheperceptionanduseofspace.21.kinesics肢体语言：Th
14、estudyofbodylanguage.22.Paralanguage(副语言)：Involvingsoundsbutnotwordandlyingbetweenverbalandnonverbalcommunication.23.Monochronictime一元时间观念:meanspayingattentiontoanddoingonlyonethingatatime.24.Polychronictime多元时间观念:meansbeinginvolvedwithmanythingsatonce25.Planetaryculture行星文化:isexplored,whichintegrat
15、esEasternmysticismwithWesternscienceandrationalism.26.Interculturalpersonhood(跨文化人格)：Representssomeonewhosecognitive,affective,andbehavioralcharacteristicsarenotlimitedbutopentogrowthbeyondthepsychologicalparametersofhisorherownculture.跨文化交际_期末温习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料1.Whatarethefourtrendsthatleadtothedevel
16、opmentoftheglobalvillage？P89Fourtrendsthatleadtothedevelopmentoftheglobalvillage:Convenienttransportationsystems/Innovativecommunicationsystems/Economicglobalization/Widespreadmigrations2.Whatarethethreeaspectswhereculturaldifferencesexist?Verbaldifference:language,thoughtpatternsNon-verbalcommunica
17、tion:body-language,timeconcept,spaciouslanguage,paralanguage,environmentPerception:values,worldviews,beliefs,attitudes3.Whatarethreeingredientsofculture?文化的三个成分threeIngredientsP56AnsharedartifactthematerialandspiritualproductspeopleproducesharedBehaviorwhattheydosharedConceptsbeliefs,values,worldvie
18、wswhattheythink4.HowtounderstandculturalIceberg?P67Likeanicebergwhatwecanseeaboutcultureisjustthetipoftheiceberg;themajorityofitisintangible,beyondsight.andthepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(Justasanicebergwhichhasavisiblesec
19、tionabovethewaterlineandalargerinvisiblesectionbelowthewaterline,culturehassomeaspectsthatareobservableandothersthatcanonlybesuspectedandimagined.Alsolikeaniceberg,thepartofculturethatisvisibleisonlyasmallpartofamuchbiggerwhole.Itissaidnine-tenthofcultureisbelowthesurface.(P7)5.Whatarethetourcharact
20、eristicsofculture?Dynamic/shared/learned/ethnocentricCultureisshared.Allcommunicationstakeplacebymeansofsymbols.Cultureislearned.Cultureislearned,notinherited.Itderivesfromonessocialenvironment,notfromonesgenes.Enculturation(文化习得):Alltheactivitiesoflearningonesculturearecalledenculturation.Cultureis
21、dynamic.(P6)Cultureissubjecttochange.Itsdynamicratherthanstatic,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Acculturation(文化适应):theprocesswhichadoptsthechangesbroughtaboutbyanothercultureanddevelopsanincreasedsimilaritybetweenthetwocultures.Cultureisethnogra
22、phic(文化中心主义).Ethnographicisthebeliefthatyourownculturalbackgroundissuperior.Ethnocentrism:thebeliefthatyourownculturebackgroundissuperior.6.Whatarethesixcharacteristicsofcommunication?Dynamic/irreversible/symbolic/systematic/transactional/contextualCommunicationisdynamic.Communicationisongoing,ever-
23、changingactivity.Awordoractiondoesnotstayfrozenwhenyoucommunicate;itisimmediatelyreplacedwithyetanotherwordoraction.Communicationisirreversible.Oncewehavesaidsomethingandsomeoneelsehasreceivedanddecodedthemessage,theoriginalsendercannottakeitback.Communicationissymbolic.Symbolsarecentraltothecommuni
24、cationprocessbecausetheyrepresentthesharedmeaningsthatarecommunicated.Symbolsarevehiclebywhichthethoughtsandideasofonepersoncanbecommunicatedtoanotherperson.CommunicationissystematicCommunicationdoesnotoccurinisolationorinavacuum,butratherispartofalargesystem.Ittakesplaceinaphysicalandasocialcontext
25、;bothestablishtherulesthatgoverntheinteraction.Communicationistransactional.(P8)Atransactionalviewholdsthatcommunicatorsaresimultaneouslysendingandreceivingmessagesateveryinstantthattheyareinvolvedinconversation.Communicationiscontextual.(P8)Allcommunicationtakesplacewithinasettingorsituationcalleda
26、context.Bycontext,we跨文化交际_期末温习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料meantheplacewherepeoplemeet,thesocialpurposeforbeingtogether,andthenatureoftherelationship.Thusthecontextincludesthephysical,social,andinterpersonalsettings.7.HowisChineseaddressingdifferentfromAmericanaddressing?(三方面)P2224InChinesethesurnamecomesfirstandi
27、sfollowedbythegivenname/butinEnglishthisorderisreversed.Addressingbynames:InChinaseniorityispaidrespectto.Juniorsaresupposedtoaddressseniorsinaproperway.Theuseofgivennamesislimitedtohusbandandwife,veryclosefriends,juniorsbyeldersorsuperiors/Nowadays,moreandmoreEnglish-speakingpeopleaddressothersbyus
28、ingthefirstname,evenwhenpeoplemeetforthefirsttime.(intimacyandequality)Addressingbyrelationship:Chineseoftenextendkinshiptermstopeoplenotrelatedbybloodormarriage.Thesetermsareusedafterthesurnametoshowpolitenessandrespect/TheEnglishequivalentsoftheabovekinshiptermsarenotsoused.Evenwithrelatives,Ameri
29、canstendtousejustthefirstnameandleaveoutthetermofrelationship.Addressingbytitle,office,profession:AnothercommonChineseformofaddressistheuseofapersonstitle,office,professiontoindicatethepersonsinfluentialstatus.InEnglish,onlyafewoccupationsortitlescouldbeused.(P24)Americanstendtoregardtitlesastrivial
30、unlesstheyhaveaclearideaofwhatkindofworkapersondoesandwhathisresponsibilitiesare.8.HowistheChinesewritingstyledifferenttheAmericanwritingstyle?TheChineseemployacircularapproachinwriting.Inthiskindofindirectwriting,thedevelopmentoftheparagraphmaybesaidtobeturningandturninginawideninggyre.Thecirclesor
31、gyresturnaroundthesubjectandshowitfromavarietyoftangentialviews,butthesubjectisneverlookedatdirectly.Aparagraphissetoffbyanindentationofitsfirstsentencesorbysomeotherconventionaldevise,suchasextraspacebetweenparagraphs.Incontrast,theAmericansaredirectandlinearinwriting.AnEnglishexpositoryparagraphus
32、uallybeginswithatopicstatement,andthen,byaseriesofsubdivisionsofthattopicstatement,eachsupportedbyexampleandillustrations,proceeds,todevelopthatcentralideaandrelatethatideatoallotherideasinthewholeessay,andtoemploythatideainproperrelationshipwiththeotherideas,toprovesomething,orperhapstoarguesomethi
33、ng.9.Whatarethedifferentfeatureofm-timeandp-time?P97M:DoonethingatatimeTaketimecommitmentsseriouslyArecommittedtothejobAdherereligiouslytoplansEmphasizepromptnessAreaccustomedtoshort-termrelationshipsP:DomanythingsatonceConsidertimecommitmentsanobjectivetobeachieved,ifpossibleArecommittedtopeopleand
34、humanrelationshipsChangeplansoftenandeasilyBasepromptnessontherelationshipHavestrongtendencytobuildlifetimerelationshipsM-timeisnotedforitsemphasisonschedules,segmentation,punctualityandpromptness.Itfeaturesoneeventatatimeandtimeisperceivedasalinearstructure.P-timeislessrigidandclock-bound.Itfeature
35、sseveralactivitiesatthesametimeandtimeisperceivedasmoreflexibleandmorehuman-centered.10.Whatdifferentworldviewcanbedrive跨文化交际_期末温习资料跨文化交际_期末温习资料fromBuddhismandChristianity?Buddhistsdonotbelieveinagodorgodswhocreatedtheworld.However,theydobelievethatthereisasupremeandwonderfultruththatwordscannotteac
36、h,andritualcannotattain.Buddhistsarenotfavorablydisposedtothenotionoffreeenterpriseandthepursuitofmaterialwell-being.Seenfromawesternworldview,havingnodesiresadverselyaffectsmotivesforpersonalenrichmentandgrowthgenerally.Thus,littlesupportisaccordedtofreeenterprise.Christianityrecognizestheimportanc
37、eofworkandfreeownershipofproperty.Protestant,inparticular,seesthesalvationoftheindividualthroughhardworkandpiety.11.WhatistheAmericanculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?Asfarasthehumannatureisconcerned,theAmericancultureholdsthatitisevilbutperfectiblethroughhardwork.Astotherelationofmantonatu
38、re,theythinkmankindcanconquerthenature.Theyalsohavealineartimeconceptandthereforetheyarefuture-oriented.Theyfocusondoingandthinkthatonlyactionscansolvetheproblem.Theyarequiteindividualisticandthereforetheyfocuslessonthebenefitsofthegroup.12.WhatistheChineseculturalvaluelikeintermsofvalueorientation?
39、PWhatisthecharacterofinnatehumannature?Whatistherelationofmantonature?Whatisthetemporalfocusofhumanlife?Whatisthemodeofhumanactivity?Whatisthemodeofhumanrelationships?11.Itisevilbutperfectible/Mancanconquerthenature/present/being-orientedanon-developmentalmodelofsociety/Competitive12.Goodbutcorrupti
40、ble/harmonywithnature/Past/being-and-becomingisakindofspiritualgoodofinnerharmonyandpeace/cooperation13.Howisgenderdifferentfromsex?P119120Sex:biological,permanent,withaindividualpropertyGender:sociallyconstructed,variedovertimeandacrosscultures,withasocialandrelationalquality14.Whatarethetwoprimary
41、influencesprocessesofGenderSocialization?P121FamilycommunicationRecreationalinteraction15.IdentifythefeaturesofeachoffourHofstedsculturaldimensionsandthecontrastbetweenhigh-contextandlow-contextculture.语境案例分析P192193IndividualismVScollectivism/MasculinityVSfemininity/Powerdistance/Uncertaintyavoidanc
42、eHigh-contextVS.low-contextHigh-contextculturesassignmeaningtomanyofthestimulisurroundinganexplicitmessage.Inhigh-contextcultures,verbalmessageshavelittlemeaningwithoutthesurroundingcontext,whichincludestheoverallrelationshipbetweenallthepeopleengagedincommunication.Low-contextculturesexcludemanyofthosestimuliandfocusmoreintenselyontheobjectivecommunicationevent,whetheritbeaword,asentence,oraphysicalgesture.Inlow-contextcultures,themessageitselfmeanseverything.