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1、跨文化交际期末复习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料ComponentsoflargeCCulture:Socialinstitutionsandorganizations.Languageandothercommunicationsystems.Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns.Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandards,thinkingpatterns.Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment.Cu
2、ltureOnionDutchscholarFonsTrompenaars(1998)describescultureinthreelayers:a)Theouterlayer:theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobservablethingslikelanguage,food,buildings,house,monuments,agriculture,markets,fashionandart,whicharethesymbolsofadeeperlevelofculture.b)Themiddlelayer:normsandvalues,r
3、eflectedbytheexplicitfactorsc)Thecore:assumptionsaboutculture.Fromthefundamentalrelationshipwiththenature,mankindlikesthecore:meaningoflife.Thus,inthissensecultureisanythingbutnature.CharacteristicsofCulture1.Cultureistransmissible2.Cultureisshared.Membersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstandar
4、dsofbehaviors,andthissetiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.3.Cultureismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.Cultureislearned,notinherited遗传的.Itderivesfromonessocialenvironment,notfromonesgenes.4.Cultureissymbolic.5.Cultureisintegrated.Tokeeptheculturefunctioning,allaspec
5、tsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.6.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureissubjecttochange.Itsdynamicratherthanstatic静态的,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Itchangesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:innovation创新,diffusion传播andacculturation文化适应.7.Cultureisethnocentri
6、c民族中心主义的.8.Cultureistheguidingprinciplesforactions.KeytermsEnculturation社会文化适应：Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.社会文化适应指人们学习适应本人所在社会的文化的社会化经过。Acculturation文化适应：Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividualslearningandadaptingtothenormsandvaluesofthenewh
7、ostculture.文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的经过。Separationandsegregation分离和隔离：themaintainingonesoriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.指在文化适应经过中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。Integration(文化整合):Ittakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthenewculturewhilemaintainingtheircultureintegrity.(文化整合指人们在文化适应经
8、过中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了本人文化的完好性)。Assimilation(文化同化)：Itisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinguishesanoriginalculture跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料foranother.Whenindividualsareassimilatedintothemainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.(文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化)。Marginalization边缘化：Marginaliz
9、ationordeculturationreferstolosingonesculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.(边缘化指人们不仅失去本人原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联络)。Cultureshock文化冲击，文化休克Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.文化冲击指人们在进入一种新文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。KeytermsInte
10、rculturalcompetences：refertotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture;inanotherword,itreferstothesensitivitytoculturaldiversity,i.e.theabilitytobehaveinanappropriatewayandtoadapttoonescommunicationandinteractionaccordingtothecontext.(跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目的文化的能力，换句话讲，它指的是对于文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据详细的交际环境，恰当的得体的
11、行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。Communicativecompetenceispartofsocialcompetence,whichisanindividualability,i.e.behaviorandskills,tocontrolhisorhersocialenvironment.(交际能力是社会能力的一部分，是个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境)。Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceinvolvescognitive,affectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparable.(跨文
12、化交际能力涉及到认知的，情感的和行为能力，他们是密不可分的)。Definitionofcommunication1.ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicate,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communicationistogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.2.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeelings.(thebasisofallhumancontact)3.Communicationisadyna
13、mic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.4.Communicationistheexchangeofmessagesbetweenpeoplesforthepurposeofachievingcommonmeaning.ComponentsofCommunication1.Source2.Encoding3.Message4.Channel5.Noise6.Receiver7.Decoding8.Receiverresponse9.Feedback10.Con
14、text.ModeofcommunicationLinearModelofCommunication;InteractiveModelofCommunicationVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageNonverbalcommunication:communicationwhosemessagesarenotconveyedinwords.Characteristicsofcommunication1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteracti
15、ve3)Communicationisirreversible4)CommunicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontextCommunicationisrule-governedSymbolsorcodesarethebasicingredientsofcommunication.CommunicationcannotberetrievedCommunicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandasocialcontext跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料Communicationdoesnottakepl
16、aceinavaccum.Definition:Interculturalcommunication1.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.2.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Formsofintercul
17、turalcommunication1.InterracialCommunication2.InterethnicCommunication(民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往3.Intra-culturalCommunication4.inter-regionalcommunicationFeaturesofInterculturalcommunication1.Itisauniversalphenomenon.2.Thecommunicationbetweencultureshasalonghistory.3.Interculturalcommunicationi
18、sacommondailyoccurrence.AnOutlineofChineseCultureChinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfiguresEmperorHuang(黄帝)andEmperorYan(炎帝)HowYaoandShunPassedtheThronestotheWorthyandtheCapable(尧、舜禅让HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood(大禹治水)四书：TheFourBooks,namely,TheGreatLeaning(（大学）),TheDoctrineoftheMean（中庸）,TheAnalec
19、tsofConfucius（论语）,andMencius（孟子）五经：TheFiveClassics,namely,TheBookofSongs/Odes（诗经）,TheBookofHistory（书经）/（尚书）,TheBookofChanges（易经）IChing,TheBookofRites（礼记）,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals（春秋）TheLiteraryAchievementsduringMingandQingDynastiesWeboasttherepresentativemasterpiecesasthefourgreatnovelsoftheMingD
20、ynastyOutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong,JourneytotheWestbyWuChengenandJinPingMeibyXiaoXiaosheng,whichshowsthatnovelwritinghadreachedmaturity.TheQingDynastyfeaturedwithsuchworksasTheScholars,asatiricalnovelbyWuJingziandCaoXueqinsADreamofRedMansions.PuSonglingscoll
21、ectionofshortstoriesaboutghostsandfoxspirits(demons),StrangeTalesfromtheCarefreeStudio,throughthesetalestheauthorcensures(谴责)theevilsofthesocietyhelivedin.CultureshockDefinition：Cultureshockisprecipitated(使忽然陷入；促成)bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Cult
22、ureshockalsocanbedefinedas“thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhengoingtoliveinanothercountryorplaceandissomethingallinternationalstudentswillface.Theterm“cultureshockcanbedefinedinanotherwayascertainneedsandrequirementsthatarenotbeingmetbyforeigncultureandsociety.Cultureshockreferstotheanxi
23、etyexperiencedwhenoneexperiencesthelossoftheirhomeculture,familyandsupportsystemandisconfrontedwiththetaskofunderstandinganewculture.FourstagesforCultureShock跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料1.euphoria心欣快症，异常欣快蜜月期.Inthisstage,youareexcitedaboutlivinginadifferentplace,andeverythingseemstobemarvelous.Youlikeever
24、ything,andeverybodyseemstobesonicetoyou.Also,theamusementoflifeinanewcultureseemstohavenoending.2.adownturn下降趋势，下转asdisillusionmentarise.ThisiscalledtheFrustrationStage/Crisis/HostilityStage.Youbegintonoticethatnoteverythingisasgoodasyouhadoriginallythoughtitwas.Youbecometiredofmanythingsaboutthenew
25、culture.Moreover,peopledonttreatyoulikeaguestanymore.Everythingthatseemedtobesowonderfulatfirstisnowawful,andeverythingmakesyoufeeldistressedandtired.Youmayencountermanyproblemsintransportation,shopping,orinterpersonalcommunication.Youmayfeelthatpeoplemaynolongercareaboutyourproblem,andtheydontlikef
26、oreigners.Youmaystarttocomplainandrejectthehostculture.Physicalsymptomsincludingachesandpainsinlimbs,headaches,fatigueandlackofenergy,lossofappetite,inabilitytogetagoodnightssleep/insomnia,stomachupsets,andfrequentcoldsorflu.Regression:Youspendmuchofyourtimespeakingyourownlanguage,watchingvideofromy
27、ourhomecountry,andeatingfoodfromhome.Youmayrememberonlythegoodthingaboutyourhomecountry3.Adjustment/Recovery.Thethirdstageischaracterizedbygainingsomeunderstandingofthenewculture.Anewfeelingofpleasureandsenseofhumormaybeexperienced.Onemaystarttofeelacertainpsychologicalbalance.Youmaynotfeelaslostand
28、startstohaveafeelingofdirection.Theindividualismorefamiliarwiththeenvironmentandwantstobelong.Youstartfeelingmorepositive,andyoutrytodevelopcomprehensionofeverythingyoudontunderstand.Thewholesituationstartstobecomemorefavorable;yourecoverfromthesymptomsofthefirsttwostages,andyouadjustyourselftothene
29、wnorms,values,andevenbeliefsandtraditionsofthenewcountry.Youbegintoseethateventhoughthedistinctionofthecultureisdifferentfromyourown,ithaselementsthatyoucanlearntoappreciate.4.integrationAfteryouwentthroughaseriesofemotionalupsanddowns,thatistosayyouhaveexperiencedthepreviousthreedistinctstagesofemo
30、tionalchange,youhavereachedapointwhereyouactuallyfeelgoodbecauseyouhavelearnedenoughtounderstandthenewculture.Youcanunderstandandacceptthethingsthatinitiallymadeyoufeeluncomfortableorstrange.Thislessensmuchofthestress.Nowyoufeelcomfortableandhaveadjustedtothenewculture.Youfindyournewculturalidentity
31、.HowtoDealwithCulturalShock?1.Beawareofthesymptoms2.Developfriendshipswithpeoplearoundyou3.Haveasenseofhumor4.Askquestionsaboutsocialcustoms5.Takeacourseorreadabookoninter-culturalcommunication6.Developpositiveattitude(open-minded)7.Sparetimeforrelaxation8.Gototheoutsideandtrytolookforsomethingyouar
32、einterestedinOriginsofsurnames:看名字是根据什么原因取的a)Thetotemsworshipedbyancestors:Inprimitivesociety,peopletookmanynaturalphenomenaoranimalsasthetotems;云、水、龙、熊、牛、马、骆、鹿、羊、鱼b)Thecountry/stateestablishedbyormanor(封地)conferredtotheancestors.秦、楚、跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料齐、鲁、吴、宋、郑、卫、陈、晋、燕.Inmanors,peopleusedthemano
33、rnameastheirsurname:范、荀、隋、赵、韩、魏、上官、屈.c)Onesancestorstitleofnobility：王、侯.d)Onesancestorsofficialpost:司马、司徒、司空、上官、尉、帅.e)Thenameoftheancestorsresidentialplace:西门、东门、东方、南宫、池、江、西廓.f)Ancestorsoccupation:陶、士、巫、师、商、乐.g)Thetransliterationofthesurname(double-surname)fromminoritynationality:呼延、宇文、慕容、长孙、尉迟、独孤.h
34、)SomesurnameofminoritynationalitybecomeatypicalHansurname:爱新觉罗金、罗、艾、洪.implicationandculturalnotionsinnamesanambition,awill,morality操守：achievement:refinement(脱俗):distinguishedness(出众):longevity(长寿)Someculturalnotionscontainedinnamesa)ancestry-worshipping(崇祖)notionb)Confucianism-worshipping崇儒c)Success
35、-seeking(建功立业)notion:d)Virtueadvocatingnotion:e)Lucknotion:f)Jade-loving(崇玉)notion:g)NotionoflongingforofficialStyle(字)Style,asanadditiontothename,istakenattheageof20.Stylecanmeettheneedofethicsofrespectingseniors.Inancienttimes,King/emperorcouldaddresshissubjectsbytheirnames,theseniordotheinferior.
36、Reversely,theinferiorhadtoaddresstheseniorbytheirstyles.Peopleofthesamegeneration平辈)alsoaddresseachotherbystyles.Assumedname(号)Assumednameisaninterestingphenomenon.BeforeTangDynasty,onlysomescholars(文人雅士)。UptothemiddleofNorthernSongDynasty,assumednamesboomed,attributedto欧阳修、苏轼、王安石。Nameandstyle(字)wer
37、egivenbyonessenior(尊长)，buttheycantreflectonescharacteristics,interestsambitions(志趣)，experienceetc.inhisadulthood.Anassumednamecandothat.AboutEnglishnames1)AboutsurnameTheoriginsofsurnamesareasfollows:Placeofidentity:Somenamesindicatewherethepersoncamefrom,e.g.,Norman,Moor,Hall,Chesterfield,andWood.O
38、ccupation:Cook,Clark,Taylor,Smith,Turner(车削工,Butler配膳师,Thatcher盖屋顶者,Chandler蜡烛/肥皂制造商),andCooperFamilyrelationships:Surnameswerealsocoinedfromfirstnamestoindicatefamilyrelationships,asRobertson,Donaldson,MacDonald,OPatrick,Watkins,ThomasEthnicidentity:Englishnames:thenameplus“son,asRobertson,Donaldso
39、n,Scottishnames:“Mac,or“Mcaddedbeforethename,asMacDonald;Irishnames:“Oplacedbeforethename,asOPatrick.Personalcharacteristic:Long,Little,Young,Moody,Fox,Brown,Rich,andNewmanCultureandTaboos1)Socialtaboos:A)InEnglish-speakingcountries,ifyouwanttovisitsomebody,youshouldmakeanappointmentinadvance.Theune
40、xpectedvisitwas/isnotacceptable.跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料B)PeopleinEnglish-speakingcountriesareexpectedtoavoidtalkingshopC)InEnglish-speakingcountry,Christiansregardsuicideassin,sosuicideisnotanappropriatetopic.D)Insocialcommunication,Westernersavoidtalkingaboutprivacywhichincludesage,income,wealth,mar
41、riage,loveaffairs.E)Chinesecareaboutsomefaults,badhabits,justasanoldChinesesayinggoes“Whenyoubeatsomebody,avoidhittinghimintheface,whenyouspeak,dontrakeup(重提不愉快之事，翻旧账)othersfaultsInEnglish-speakingcommunities,therearesomesocialtaboos:(1)Itisunluckytohaveablackcatcrosstheroadinfrontofyou.(2)Thebrides
42、houldnotseethehusbandonthemorningbeforethewedding.(3)Thekillingofcricketsinthehousewillbringbadluck.(4)Topassunderaladderbringsbadluck.(从梯子下面走过会带来厄运。)(5)Lightingthreecigarettesfromonematchbringsbadlucktothethirdperson.(6)Tobreakamirrorbringssevenyearsbadluck.(打碎镜子会带来7年厄运。)(7)Openinganumbrellaintheho
43、useisbadluck.(在屋中撑伞会倒霉。)2)Tabooinpublicsituations.“Firstcome,firstserved(先来后到);Sneezingisanormalphysiologicalreaction/phenomenon.3)taboosaboutdietTheChinesealmosteatanyanimalandeventheinternalorgansofanimals.ButpeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountiesdontlikefat,andtheskin,feetheadandinternalorgans,somean
44、imalsmeatsuchasdogsmeat,snakesmeat.Theydislikegarlicandvinegarandstrangesoups.Whenthemouthisfulloffood,oneshouldnotutter(中国人“食不言，咽不语.).Chineseshouldntraptheemptybowlswithchopsticksforthatswhatabeggardoes.Duringthedinner,thedinersshouldnotbelch(打嗝),loosenthebeltandgotothetoilet.AtaCantonesedinner,the
45、dinersshouldnoteatchickenhead,wingsandtail,butleavethemtotheseniorsinthefamily.FortheSpringFestivaldinner,theremustbeadishoffishimplying“年年有余.“鱼and“余arehomophoniccharactersinChinese.Forsomelocalweddingdinner,thefishhead,tailandfishbonesarenotallowedtobeeaten,becausepeoplehopethatthenewcouplewillrema
46、inadevotedcoupletotheendoftheirlives(白头偕老),acompletecouple(有头有尾).Insomeplaces,thecookedfishinadishisnotallowedtobeturnedoveroritmayimplytheshipwillcapsize(翻船).Itsatabooforfishermen.TeawaterisChinesesfavoritedrink,northernChineselikejasminetea(茉莉花茶/花茶),thesouthernChineseprefergreenteaorblacktea.Forth
47、osewhoknowaboutsado(茶道，teaculture),theywontliketomixotherthingslikemilk,sugarwithtea,butwouldenjoythepuretea.Theteamadethepreviousdaywontbedrunknextday(隔夜茶),itsharmfultohealth.Chinesecareaboutthewayofdrinkingtea:tosiptea(呷茗)notdrinkunrestrainedly(牛饮).ItsbelievedintheWestandtheEast,thatteacanpredicts
48、omething,thoughitssomewhatsuperstitionsiftheteastalksinacupfloat/standupright(erect),theteadrinkerwillbepleasedfor跨文化交际期末温习资料跨文化交际期末温习资料itsaomenthatadistinguishedguestiscoming.TheBritishpeoplethink,ifsomeonehappenedto(无意中)cover(coveredaccidentally)atea-pot,itpredictsanunexpectedvisitorwillarrive.Iftwowomensharetheteainthesamepot,thatmeansoneofthemorsomeonefromeitherfamilywillgivebirthtoachildbytheendoftheyear.Ithintsanunexpectedguestis