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1、跨文化交际期末复习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全ComponentsoflargeCCulture:Socialinstitutionsandorganizations.Languageandothercommunicationsystems.Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns.Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandards,thinkingpatterns.Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment
2、.CultureOnionDutchscholarFonsTrompenaars(1998)describescultureinthreelayers:a)Theouterlayer:theexplicitcultureproducts,whichrefertotheobservablethingslikelanguage,food,buildings,house,monuments,agriculture,markets,fashionandart,whicharethesymbolsofadeeperlevelofculture.b)Themiddlelayer:normsandvalue
3、s,reflectedbytheexplicitfactorsc)Thecore:assumptionsaboutculture.Fromthefundamentalrelationshipwiththenature,mankindlikesthecore:meaningoflife.Thus,inthissensecultureisanythingbutnature.CharacteristicsofCulture1.Cultureistransmissible2.Cultureisshared.Membersofacultureshareasetofideas,values,andstan
4、dardsofbehaviors,andthissetiswhatgivesmeaningtotheirlives,andwhatbondsthemtogetherasaculture.3.Cultureismostlylearnedunconsciously/acquired.Cultureislearned,notinherited遗传的.Itderivesfromonessocialenvironment,not跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全fromonesgenes.4.Cultureissymbolic.5.Cultureisintegrated.Tokeepthe
5、culturefunctioning,allaspectsoftheculturemustbeintegrated.6.Cultureisdynamic.Cultureissubjecttochange.Itsdynamicratherthanstatic静态的,constantlychangingandevolvingundertheimpactofeventsandthroughcontactwithothercultures.Itchangesthroughthreemostcommonmechanisms:innovation创新,diffusion传播andacculturation
6、文化适应.7.Cultureisethnocentric民族中心主义的.8.Cultureistheguidingprinciplesforactions.KeytermsEnculturation社会文化适应：Enculturationisthesocializationprocessyougothroughtoadapttoyoursociety.社会文化适应指人们学习适应本人所在社会的文化的社会化经过。Acculturation文化适应：Acculturation,orculturaladaptation,referstoanindividualslearningandadaptingt
7、othenormsandvaluesofthenewhostculture.文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的经过。Separationandsegregation分离和隔离：themaintainingonesoriginalcultureandnotparticipatinginthenewculture.指在文化适应经过中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化。Integration(文化整合):Ittakesplacewhenindividualsbecomeanintegralpartofthe跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全newculturew
8、hilemaintainingtheircultureintegrity.(文化整合指人们在文化适应经过中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了本人文化的完好性)。Assimilation(文化同化)：Itisthedegreetowhichanindividualrelinguishesanoriginalcultureforanother.Whenindividualsareassimilatedintothemainstreamculture,theylosetheirpreviousculture.(文化同化指人们放弃原有文化接受新文化的程度。一旦被主流文化同化，人们就失去了原有的文化)。
9、Marginalization边缘化：Marginalizationordeculturationreferstolosingonesculturalidentityandnothavinganypsychologicalcontactwiththelargersociety.(边缘化指人们不仅失去本人原有的文化身份，而且与广大社会失去了心理联络)。Cultureshock文化冲击，文化休克Itreferstothetraumaticexperiencethatanindividualmayencounterwhenenteringadifferentculture.文化冲击指人们在进入一种新
10、文化环境中遭遇的痛苦和难忘的经历。KeytermsInterculturalcompetences：refertotheabilitytounderstandandadaptthetargetculture;inanotherword,itreferstothesensitivitytoculturaldiversity,i.e.theabilitytobehaveinanappropriatewayandtoadapttoonescommunicationandinteractionaccordingtothecontext.(跨文化能力指的是理解和适应目的文化的能力，换句话讲，它指的是对于
11、文化多样性的敏感性。例如，根据详细的交际环境，恰当的得体的行为和对于交际与交往的适应)。Communicativecompetenceispartofsocialcompetence,whichisanindividualability,i.e.behaviorandskills,tocontrolhisorhersocialenvironment.(交际能力是社会能力的跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全一部分，是个体的能力，例如行为或者技巧，来控制他或者他的社会环境)。Interculturalcommunicationcompetenceinvolvescognitive,a
12、ffectiveandoperationalaspects,whichareinseparable.(跨文化交际能力涉及到认知的，情感的和行为能力，他们是密不可分的)。Definitionofcommunication1.ItcomesfromtheLatinword“communicate,itmeanstogiveortoexchange.Now,themostcommonmeaningof“communicationistogiveorexchangeinformationorideas.2.Communicationisourabilitytoshareourideasandfeeli
13、ngs.(thebasisofallhumancontact)3.Communicationisadynamic,systematicprocessinwhichmeaningsarecreatedandreflectedinhumaninteractionwithsymbols.4.Communicationistheexchangeofmessagesbetweenpeoplesforthepurposeofachievingcommonmeaning.ComponentsofCommunication1.Source2.Encoding3.Message4.Channel5.Noise6
14、.Receiver7.Decoding8.Receiverresponse9.Feedback10.Context.ModeofcommunicationLinearModelofCommunication;InteractiveModelofCommunicationVerbalcommunication:communicationdonebothorallyandinwrittenlanguageNonverbalcommunication:communicationwhosemessagesarenotconveyedinwords.Characteristicsofcommunicat
15、ion跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全1)Communicationisdynamic2)Communicationisinteractive3)Communicationisirreversible4)CommunicationtakesplaceinbothaphysicalandsocialcontextCommunicationisrule-governedSymbolsorcodesarethebasicingredientsofcommunication.CommunicationcannotberetrievedCommunicationtakesplaceinb
16、othaphysicalandasocialcontextCommunicationdoesnottakeplaceinavaccum.Definition:Interculturalcommunication1.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalbackgrounds.2.Interculturalcommunicationiscommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionsandsymbolsystemsaredis
17、tinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.Formsofinterculturalcommunication1.InterracialCommunication2.InterethnicCommunication(民族间的交际,属同一人种但属不同民族，中国各兄弟民族间的交往3.Intra-culturalCommunication4.inter-regionalcommunicationFeaturesofInterculturalcommunication1.Itisauniversalphenomenon.2.Thecommunicationbetwe
18、encultureshasalonghistory.3.Interculturalcommunicationisacommondailyoccurrence.AnOutlineofChineseCultureChinesehistorybeganwithtwolegendaryfiguresEmperorHuang(黄帝)andEmperor跨文化交际期末温习资料全跨文化交际期末温习资料全Yan(炎帝)HowYaoandShunPassedtheThronestotheWorthyandtheCapable(尧、舜禅让HowYu,theGreat,ConqueredtheFlood(大禹治水)
19、四书：TheFourBooks,namely,TheGreatLeaning(（大学）),TheDoctrineoftheMean（中庸）,TheAnalectsofConfucius（论语）,andMencius（孟子）五经：TheFiveClassics,namely,TheBookofSongs/Odes（诗经）,TheBookofHistory（书经）/（尚书）,TheBookofChanges（易经）IChing,TheBookofRites（礼记）,andTheSpringandAutumnAnnals（春秋）TheLiteraryAchievementsduringMingand
20、QingDynastiesWeboasttherepresentativemasterpiecesasthefourgreatnovelsoftheMingDynastyOutlawsoftheMarshbyShiNaian,TheRomanceoftheThreeKingdomsbyLuoGuanzhong,JourneytotheWestbyWuChengenandJinPingMeibyXiaoXiaosheng,whichshowsthatnovelwritinghadreachedmaturity.TheQingDynastyfeaturedwithsuchworksasTheSch
21、olars,asatiricalnovelbyWuJingziandCaoXueqinsADreamofRedMansions.PuSonglingscollectionofshortstoriesaboutghostsandfoxspirits(demons),StrangeTalesfromtheCarefreeStudio,throughthesetalestheauthorcensures(谴责)theevilsofthesocietyhelivedin.CultureshockDefinition：Cultureshockisprecipitated(使忽然陷入；促成)bytheanxietythatresultsfromlosingallourfamiliarsignsandsymbolsofsocialintercourse.Cultureshockalsocanbedefinedas“thephysicalandemotionaldiscomfortonesufferswhengoingtoliveinanothercountryorplaceandissomethingallinternational