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1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence* *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种:英语的基本成分有七种:_和和_主语(主语(subjectsubject)、)、谓语(谓语(predicatepredicate)、)、表语(表语(predicativepredicative)、)、宾语(宾语(objectobject)、)、定语(定语(attributeattribute)、)、状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语(补语(complementcomplement)。)。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本
2、结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一:一: (主谓)(主谓)二:二: (主系表)(主系表)三:三: (主谓宾)(主谓宾)四:四: (主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)五:五: (主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)基本句型基本句型 一:一: (主谓)(主谓)主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词主语:可以作主语的成分有名词,主格代词,动词不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。不定式,动名词等等。主语一般在句首。谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化谓语:谓语由动词构成,是英语时态、语态变化的主角,一般在
3、主语之后。不及物动词(的主角,一般在主语之后。不及物动词(vi.)没)没有宾语,形成主谓结构,有宾语,形成主谓结构,如:如:We come. (不及物动词)(不及物动词)1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点,即句子的谓语,即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟
4、副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。基本句型基本句型 二:二: (主系表)(主系表)此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点:句子谓语动词谓语动词都都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动词。叫做连系动词。分两类:分两类:等,表情况;等,表情况;等属另一类,表变化。等属另一类,表变化。be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的
5、作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。多可用作连系动词:多可用作连系动词:look well/面色好面色好, sound nice/听起来不错听起来不错,feel good/感觉好,感觉好,smell bad/难闻难闻 (是系动词)(是系动词) (表语)(表语) 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4. Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6.
6、 Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. *There be 结构结构: There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这。这里的里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词没有实际意义,不可与副词there那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词,表示此结构后跟名词,表示(存在)有某事物(存在)有某事物 试比较:试比较:There is a boy there.(那儿有一个男(那儿有一个男孩。)孩。)前一个前一个there无实意,后一个无实意,后一个there为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三:三: (主谓宾)(主谓宾)此句型句子的此句型句子的共
7、同共同是:谓语动词是:谓语动词,但不能表达完整的意思,但不能表达完整的意思,即动作的承受者,才能使意,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 (及物动词)(及物动词) (宾语)(宾语)1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四:四: (主谓间宾直宾)(主谓间宾直宾)有 些 及 物 动 词 可 以
8、有 两 个 宾 语 ,有 些 及 物 动 词 可 以 有 两 个 宾 语 , e g :give/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常一个指人。这两个宾语通常一个指人(间接宾语间接宾语);一个指物;一个指物(直接宾语直接宾语)。-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. (及物)(及物) (多指人)(多指人) (多指物)(多指物)1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures.
9、4. I told him that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 基本句型基本句型 五:五: (主谓宾宾补)(主谓宾宾补)此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是:动词虽然是及物动词,是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语:位于:位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词,形容词,不宾语
10、补足语的有名词,形容词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。定式,动名词,分词,介词短语等。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词 (及物)(及物) (宾语)(宾语) (宾补)(宾补) 1. They pa
11、inted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a, b, c, d, e, 1,Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the roo
12、m._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分除了基本句型的成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些的前面或后面增加一些而加以扩大。这些而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是修饰语可以是(adj./adv./num.数词)数词)(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。(主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语)。我们称之为:我们称之为:The little boy needs a blue pen. 定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起
13、、作用的词、短语作用的词、短语或句子,译为或句子,译为定语通常位于被修饰的定语通常位于被修饰的。复合不定代词复合不定代词(something/nothingsomething/nothing)之后;)之后;不定式不定式/ /分词短语分词短语/ /从句作定语从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成时要放在被修饰的成分后;分后;副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy there needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. Ther
14、e is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状语:二、状语:状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的句的句子成分,说明子成分,说明方式方式、因果因果、条件条件、时间时间、地点地点、让步让步、方向方向、程度程度、目的目的等等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词,不定式,分词,介词短语,不定式,分词,介词短语,从句等从句
15、等。 In the classroom, the boy needs a pen. 在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。在教室里,男孩需要一支钢笔。 (地点状语)(地点状语)Before his mother, Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在母亲面前,汤姆总是一个男孩子汤姆总是一个男孩子.(条件状语条件状语)On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 星期天星期天,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(时间状语时间状语) 介词短语作状语:介词短语作状语:He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那儿要
16、一支笔。(表示伴随状态)他坐在那儿要一支笔。(表示伴随状态)Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因因为不得不完成作业,男孩需要一支笔。(原因状语)状语)Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因(因为)受了惊吓,他无声地坐在那儿。(原因状语)状语)分词(短语)作状语:分词(短语)作状语:The boy needs a pen to do his homework.男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。(目的状语)男孩需要一支笔
17、写家庭作业。(目的状语)To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. 不定式作状语:不定式作状语:时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him,
18、he adores her.三、同位语:三、同位语:We students should study hard. (students是是we的同位语,都是指同一批的同位语,都是指同一批学学生生)We all are students. (all是是we的同位语,都指同样的的同位语,都指同样的我们我们) 四、独立成分:四、独立成分:与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的感叹词:感叹词:oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词:yes否定词否定词:no称呼语:称呼语:称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语:插入语:一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I
19、 think , I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信我相信,这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束. 一一) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming
20、, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二二) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三三) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep t
21、he floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四四) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Li
22、ly sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.(五五) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She
23、loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Anot
24、her time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.1.You will tell (your) friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didntdare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语