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1、句子成分句子成分和和基本句型基本句型12/17/2022112/17/20222什么是句子？什么是句子？句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第能表达一个完整概念的语言单位句子的第一个字母必须一个字母必须大写大写，结尾要有，结尾要有？！I am a teacher.Are you a student?How beautiful the girl is!12/17/20223现代汉语里一般的句子成分有六种，即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。英语的基本成分有七种：主语（subject）、谓语（predicate）、表语（p
2、redicative）、宾语（object）、定语（attribute）、状语(adverbial)和补语（complement）。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。句子包括哪些成分？句子包括哪些成分？12/17/20224主语：主语：主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的主语是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从部分一般由名词，代词，不定式，动名词或从句充当它的位置一般在句首句充当它的位置一般在句首The girl is pretty.Reading is useful.To see
3、is to believe.They are good friends.12/17/20225谓语：谓语：谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由谓语说明主语做什么，是什么，怎么样，由简单动词或者动词短语构成简单动词或者动词短语构成They are teachers.She looks well.He studies hard.He laughed at his classmates.He can speak English.12/17/20226表语：表语：表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，表语说明主语是什么，或者怎么样，由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，形容词，副词，介词
4、短语，不定式，动名词，短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面短语，或者从句充当表语位于系动词后面I am a teacher.She is happy.Everybody is here.They are at home now.My job is to teach English.Seeing is believing.12/17/20227宾语宾语宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短宾语是动作，行为的对象，由名词，代词，短语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动语，不定式，动名词，从句充当它和及物动词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后词一起说明主语做了什么，在谓语之后She plays th
5、e piano.He often helps me.I like watching TV.She likes to go to shop this afternoon.I think that he is good guy.12/17/20228宾语补足语宾语补足语在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，在英语中，有些句子只有宾语并不能表达完整的意思，还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思还必须在宾语后面家上宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它起补充说明宾语干什么，怎么样的作用它可以由名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，不定式，现它可以由名词，形容词，
6、副词，介词短语，不定式，现在分词和过去分词充当在分词和过去分词充当 If you let me go,Ill make you king.Leave the door open.We found John out when we arrived.Make yourself at home.I saw him enter the hall.The boss keeps them working all day.I heard my name called.12/17/20229状语状语状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发状语用来修饰动词，形容词或副词它表示行为发生的时间，地点，目的，方式，
7、程度一般由副词，生的时间，地点，目的，方式，程度一般由副词，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，介词短语，不定式或相当于副词的词或短语充当，也可由从句来充当也可由从句来充当He did it carefully.Without his help,we couldnt work it out.In order to catch up with my classmates,I must study hard.I was born on June 9th 1982 in Guangxi.He is writing with a pen.12/17/202210定语定语定语用来修饰名词或代词形
8、容词，代词，数定语用来修饰名词或代词形容词，代词，数词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，词，名词，介词短语，不定式，动名词，分词，从句都可以充当定语从句都可以充当定语 The black bike is mine.Whats your name?A broken vase.I have 5 books.A sleeping boy.They made paper flowers.The boy in the room is Jack.I have something to do.It is a swimming pool.12/17/20221112/17/202212种类种类类型类型主
9、语主语S谓语谓语动词动词v表语表语/宾宾语语p宾语宾语0宾补宾补oc第第1种种S+VWework第第种种Heplaysviolin.第第种种Wearestudents第第种种S+v+IO+DO shegavemeapen.第第种种S+V+O+OC Hemademelaugh12/17/202213基本句型基本句型一：一：（主系表）（主系表）（是系动词）（是系动词）1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.这是本英汉辞典。2.The dinner smells good.午餐的气味很好。3.He fell in love.他堕入了情网。4.Everythin
10、g looks different.一切看来都不同了。5.He is growing tall and strong.他长得又高又壮6.The troubleis that they are short of money.麻烦的是他们缺少钱。7.Our well has gone dry.我们井干枯了。8.His face turned red.他的脸红了。12/17/202214系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使系动词词义不完整，在句中不能单独使用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，用（除省略句外），后面必须接有表语，系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。系动词和表语一起构成合成谓语。12/17/20
11、2215一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：一、系动词的分类：常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。常见的系动词大致可分为三类。第第一一类类：表表示示特特征征或或状状态态的的，有有bebe，looklook，feelfeel，seemseem，appearappear，smellsmell，tastetaste，soundsound，turn out turn out（结果是、证明是）等。（结果是、证明是）等。Youll be all right soon.Youll be all right soon.You dont look
12、 very well.You dont look very well.I feel rather cold.I feel rather cold.12/17/202216 He seems to be ill.He seems to be ill.It appears that he is unhappy.It appears that he is unhappy.The roses smell sweet.The roses smell sweet.The mixture tasted horrible.The mixture tasted horrible.How sweet the mu
13、sic sounds!How sweet the music sounds!The day turned out(to be)a fine one.The day turned out(to be)a fine one.12/17/202217第第二二类类：表表示示从从一一种种状状态态到到另另一一种种状状态态的的变变化化，有有become，get，grow，turn，fall，go，come，run等。等。Hebecameaworld-famousscientist.Itisgettingwarmerandwarmer.Itgrewdark.Thefoodhasturnedbad.12/17/
14、202218 Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Yesterday he suddenly fell ill.Marys face went red.Marys face went red.His dream has come true.His dream has come true.The boys blood ran cold.The boys blood ran cold.12/17/202219第第三三类类：表表示示保保持持状状态态的的，有有keepkeep，remainremain，continuecontinue，staystay等等。Keep quie
15、t,children!Keep quiet,children!The The weather weather continued continued fine fine for for a a long long time.time.It remains to be proved.It remains to be proved.12/17/202220系系动动词词后后的的表表语语可可以以是是名名词词、代代词词、数数词词、形形容容词词、分分词词、动动名名词词、不不定定式式、副副词词、介介词词短短语语、词词组组、从句，系动词从句，系动词bebe可用于上述所有情况。可用于上述所有情况。Thenews
16、wassurprising.（分词）（分词）HisjobisteachingEnglish.（动名词）（动名词）Theonlymethodistogivethechildmorehelp.（不定式）（不定式）Imustbeoffnow.（副词）（副词）Thebridgeisunderconstruction.（介词短语）（介词短语）Thatwouldbeagreatweightoffmymind.（词组）（词组）Thisiswhyhewaslate.（从句）（从句）12/17/202221所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。所有的系动词都可接形容词作表语，此处略举数例。Ourfutu
17、rewillbebeautiful.Shelooksunhappytoday.Doyoufeelcold？Youseem/appearill.Thefoodtastesdelicious.Theweatheristurning/growing/becoming/gettingcold.Heoftenwenthungry.12/17/2022223.3.能能用用不不定定式式作作表表语语的的系系动动词词有有：appearappear，seemseem，get get，prove prove，remain remain，turn out turn out等。等。She appears/seems t
18、o be very young.She appears/seems to be very young.He appears/seems to have caught cold.He appears/seems to have caught cold.They got to be friendsThey got to be friends。The meeting turned out to be successful.The meeting turned out to be successful.The theory proved to be right.The theory proved to
19、 be right.Much remains to be done.Much remains to be done.12/17/2022234.4.能能接接从从句句的的有有：bebe，seemseem，appearappear，soundsound，look look等。等。Thats why he fell ill.Thats why he fell ill.My idea is that we should help him.My idea is that we should help him.It It seems/seems/appears appears to to me me th
20、at that something something is is wrong.wrong.It It sounds sounds to to me me as as if if someone someone were were trying trying to to get into the house.get into the house.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.Your voice sounds as if you had a cold.It looks as if it is going to rain.It looks as i
21、f it is going to rain.12/17/2022245.5.能能接接介介词词短短语语的的有有：bebe，feelfeel，looklook，soundsound，taste taste，remainremain等。等。bebe是是特特别别活活跃跃的的系系动动词词，其其后后可可接接很很多多介介词词短短语作表语。语作表语。He He is is at at home/home/in in the the library/library/on on the the way home/on holiday.way home/on holiday.They are on duty/on
22、strike/on leave.They are on duty/on strike/on leave.The road is under repair.The road is under repair.12/17/202225其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：其他系动词能和介词搭配的范围很小。如：It feels like a rain.It feels like a rain.It looks like a rain.It looks like a rain.It It sounds sounds like like a a train train going going under
23、under my my room.room.It tastes of apples.It tastes of apples.（这有苹果的味道。）（这有苹果的味道。）The concert remains in my memory.The concert remains in my memory.12/17/2022266.6.能能接接分分词词的的系系动动词词有有：bebe，becomebecome，getget，growgrow，seem seem，appear appear等。等。His His report report was was surprising/surprising/disa
24、ppointing/delighting/moving/disappointing/delighting/moving/astonishing astonishing The The boy boy was was moved/delighted/surprised/moved/delighted/surprised/disappointed/astonisheddisappointed/astonished。He He has has become/become/got/got/grown/grown/interested interested in in modern physicsmod
25、ern physics。He seems/appears drunkHe seems/appears drunk。系系动动词词后后还还可可接接代代词词、数数词词、动动名名词词、副副词词及及其其词词组组，基基本本都都是是bebe的的用用法法。其其他他系系动动词词几几乎乎不能这样用或很少这样用。不能这样用或很少这样用。page4312/17/202227一一.纵纵观观历历年年的的高高考考题题，对对系系动动词词的的考考查查一一直直是是高高考考中中非非常常重重要要的的热热点点之之一一，对对于于考考生生来来说说也也是是难难点点所在。所在。高高考考对对系系动动词词考考查查的的覆覆盖盖面面广广，涉涉及及的的
26、系系动动词词较较多多，重重点点考考查查的的是是 get get，其其次次是是 feel feel 和和 remain remain，考查的难度在逐年增大。考查的难度在逐年增大。二二.对表示状态变化的系动词的考查对表示状态变化的系动词的考查英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有英语中常见的表示状态变化的系动词有get，turn，turnout（结果是（结果是），），go，come（成为），（成为），fall，become等。等。12/17/2022281.1.对对 get get 的考查的考查 get get 表表示示状状态态的的改改变变，意意为为“变变成成，变变得得，做做成成”，它它后后面面可可以
27、以接接形形容容词词、v-ing v-ing 形形式式、过过去去分词等。分词等。Sarah,Sarah,hurry hurry up.up.Im Im afraid afraid you you wont wont have time to _ before the party.have time to _ before the party.A.get changed B.get change A.get changed B.get change C.get changing D.get to change C.get changing D.get to change 12/17/202229
28、Be Be careful careful when when you you cross cross this this very very busy busy street,street,if if not,not,you you may may _ _ run run over over by by a a car.car.A.have B.get C.become D.turn A.have B.get C.become D.turn As As we we joined joined the the big big crowd crowd I I got got _ _ from m
29、y friends.from my friends.A.separated B.spared C.lost D.missedA.separated B.spared C.lost D.missed 分析：例分析：例分析：例分析：例中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是中考查的是“get“get过去分词过去分词过去分词过去分词”构成构成构成构成的系表结构。例的系表结构。例的系表结构。例的系表结构。例getchangedgetchanged意为意为意为意为“换衣服换衣服换衣服换衣服”，例，例，例，例getrunovergetrunover意为意为意为意为“碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过碾过，压过”，例，例
30、，例，例getgetseparatedseparated意思是意思是意思是意思是“冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离冲散，分离”，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分，所以正确答案分别是别是别是别是AA、BB、BB。12/17/2022302.2.对对 go go 的考查的考查 系系动动词词 go go 的的意意义义是是“变变成成，成成为为”，后后多多跟跟形形容容词词，如如 go go bad,bad,go go mad,mad,go go wrong,wrong,go go hungry,go sour hungry,go sour 等。例如：等。例如：On On hearing he
31、aring the the news news of of the the accident accident in in coal mine,she _ pale.coal mine,she _ pale.A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared A.got B.changed C.went D.appeared 分析：该题考查的是分析：该题考查的是“go+adj.”系表结构。系表结构。got和和changed不能与不能与pale搭配起来表达这搭配起来表达这一状态的变化，而一状态的变化，而appeared是表示状态存在是表示状态存在的系动词。所以正确答案是的系动词。
32、所以正确答案是C。12/17/202231 3.3.3.3.对对对对 fall fall fall fall 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 fall fall fall fall 表表表表示示示示“（不不不不知知知知不不不不觉觉觉觉地地地地或或或或突突突突然然然然地地地地）进进进进入入入入状状状状态态态态”，后后后后常常常常跟跟跟跟形形形形容容容容词词词词、副副副副词词词词或或或或介介介介词词词词短短短短语语语语等等等等，如如如如：fall fall fall fall ill ill ill ill（生生生生病病病病），fall fall fall fall apart
33、 apart apart apart（散散散散开开开开），fall fall fall fall asleep,asleep,asleep,asleep,fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep fall into a deep sleep（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。（睡熟）。例如：例如：As As she she _ _ the the newspaper,newspaper,Granny Granny _ _ asleep.asleep.A.read;was falling B.was rea
34、ding;fell A.read;was falling B.was reading;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell C.was reading;was falling D.read;fell 分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词分析：该题第二空考查的是系动词“fall+adj.”结构，结构，fallasleep是短暂性动词短语，不能用于是短暂性动词短语，不能用于进行时态，故正确答案是进行时态，故正确答案是B。句意是。句意是“她读报她读报时，奶奶睡着了。时，奶奶睡着了。”12/17/202232三三.对表示状态存在的系动词的考查对表示状态存在的系
35、动词的考查 常常常常见见见见的的的的有有有有 be,be,be,be,seem,seem,seem,seem,appear,appear,appear,appear,look,look,look,look,feel,feel,feel,feel,smell,smell,smell,smell,sound,sound,sound,sound,keep,keep,keep,keep,taste,taste,taste,taste,remain,remain,remain,remain,prove,prove,prove,prove,stay,stay,stay,stay,lie lie lie l
36、ie（处处处处于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态），于某种状态），stand stand stand stand（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。（处于某种状态）等。1.1.1.1.对对对对 remain remain remain remain 的考查的考查的考查的考查 系系系系动动动动词词词词 remain remain remain remain 的的的的意意意意思思思思是是是是“保保保保持持持持，继继继继续续续续，依依依依然然然然不不不不变变变变”，后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容
37、词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。后常接名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式等。Having Having a a trip trip abroad abroad is is certainly certainly good good for for the the old old couple,couple,but but it it remains remains _ _ whether they will enjoy it.whether they will enjoy it.A.to see B.to be seen C.seeing D.seenA.to see B.to be seen
38、 C.seeing D.seen 12/17/202233 Although Although he he has has taken taken a a lot lot of of medicine,medicine,his health _ poor.his health _ poor.A.proves B.remainsA.proves B.remainsC.maintains D.continues C.maintains D.continues 分析：例分析：例中的中的remain是个半系动词，是个半系动词，“有待被看，证实有待被看，证实”，所以应用不定式的被动，所以应用不定式的被动
39、式，故答案是式，故答案是B。例。例中中remainpoor意为意为“仍然很差仍然很差”，maintain意为意为“维持，保持，维持，保持，继续继续”，不与形容词，不与形容词poor连用，所以正确答连用，所以正确答案是案是B。12/17/2022342.2.对对 stay stay 的考查的考查 stay stay 意意为为“保保持持原原状状，维维持持”，后后面面可可以以接接形形容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。容词、副词、介词短语、名词等。The weather has The weather has stayed stayed warm all week.warm all week.Why Wh
40、y dont dont you you put put the the meat meat in in the the fridge?fridge?It It will will _ _ fresh fresh for for several several days.days.A.be stayed B.stay A.be stayed B.stay C.be staying D.have stayed C.be staying D.have stayed 分析：该题考查的是系动词分析：该题考查的是系动词stay后接形容词后接形容词（fresh）的系表结构，它表示一种存在的状）的系表结构，它
41、表示一种存在的状态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不态，主动形式表示被动意义，这种结构一般不能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是能用于进行时态，所以正确答案是B。12/17/2022353.3.对对 appear appear 的考查的考查 appear appear 的的含含义义是是“似似乎乎，好好像像，看看来来（如如关关于于某某人人的的性性格格、感感情情或或意意图图）”，此此时时不不用用进进行行式式，后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。后接形容词、名词、动词不定式等。She She appeared appeared rather rather upset upset about about s
42、omething.something.看来有些什么事使她心烦。看来有些什么事使她心烦。Do Do let let your your mother mother know know all all the the truth.truth.She She appears appears _ _ everything.everything.（上上海海 2001 2001）A.to tell B.to be told A.to tell B.to be told C.to be telling D.to have been told C.to be telling D.to have been to
43、ld 12/17/202236分析：句意是分析：句意是“一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她一定要把一切真相告诉你妈妈。她看上去已经知道一切事情。看上去已经知道一切事情。”句中句中 tell tell 后面没有后面没有宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为宾语，故用不定式的被动式，又因为“知道一切知道一切”发生在发生在“告诉真相告诉真相”之前，要用完成式。所以正确之前，要用完成式。所以正确答案是答案是 D D。4.对对feel的考查的考查feel的意思是的意思是“感觉是，似乎感觉是，似乎”，后常接形容词、，后常接形容词、副词、介词短语等。副词、介词短语等。Ilovetogototheseasideinsu
44、mmer.It_goodtolieinthesunorswiminthecoolsea.A.doesB.feelsC.getsD.makes12/17/202237-Do you like the material?-Do you like the material?-Yes,it _ very soft.-Yes,it _ very soft.A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt A.is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt 分析：这两道考题考查的是分析：这两道考题考查的是“fell+adj.”的系表的系表结构。例结构。例中
45、中feelgood意为意为“感觉舒服感觉舒服”；例；例feelsoft意为意为“摸上去软和摸上去软和”，此时，主动结构，此时，主动结构表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是表示被动的含义。所以正确答案分别是B和和C。12/17/2022385.5.对系动词对系动词 look look 的考查的考查 look look 有有“看看来来，显显得得”等等意意，后后面面常常接接形形容容词词、介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。介词短语、不定式短语、从句等。The The plan plan looks looks good good on on paper,paper,but but will will it
46、it work?work?这这个个计计划划从从表表面面上上看看来来不不错错，但但能能行行得得通通吗吗？-You dont look very _.Are you ill?-You dont look very _.Are you ill?-No,Im just a bit tired.-No,Im just a bit tired.A.good B.well C.strong D.healthy A.good B.well C.strong D.healthy 分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，分析：尽管提供的四个备选项都是形容词，但但lookwell的意思是的意思是“看上去气色好看上去气
47、色好”，符合对话的语境，故正确答案是符合对话的语境，故正确答案是B。12/17/2022396.6.对对 sound sound 的考查的考查 sound sound 有有“听听起起来来，令令人人觉觉得得，似似乎乎”等等含含义义，后后面面可可以以接接形形容容词词、名名词词短短语语、介介词词短短语语、不不定定式式等。等。She She soundssounds to to be be a a very very strange strange woman.woman.听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。听起来她似乎是一个非常古怪的女人。What he said sounds _.What he s
48、aid sounds _.A.nicely B.pleasantlyA.nicely B.pleasantly C.friendly D.wonderfully C.friendly D.wonderfully 分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有分析：四个选项中只有friendlyfriendly是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和是形容词，可以和 soundsound连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只连用构成系表结构，其他三项都是副词，只能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作
49、状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是能作状语不能作表语，所以正确答案是CC。12/17/2022407.7.对对 taste taste 的考查的考查 taste taste 在在使使用用时时不不用用进进行行时时态态，含含义义是是“尝尝起起来来，有有某某种种特特殊殊的的味味道道”，一一般般接接形形容容词词构构成成系系表表结构。结构。These These oranges oranges tastetaste nice.nice.这这些些橙橙子子味味道道很好。很好。These oranges taste _.These oranges taste _.A.good B
50、.well C.to be good D.to be well A.good B.well C.to be good D.to be well 分析：分析：taste是系动词，所以要用形容词是系动词，所以要用形容词good作其表语。作其表语。well作形容词时，意思是作形容词时，意思是“健康健康的的”，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案，只能形容人，不能形容物。故正确答案是是A。12/17/2022418.8.对对对对smellsmell的考查的考查的考查的考查 smellsmell经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是经常与形容词连用，意思是“闻起来，有闻起