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1、句句 子子 成成 分分Members of a Sentence 翻译并指出其语言单位名称1. a heavy rain 2. in the laboratory 1什么叫句子？什么叫句子？ 一场大雨 语言单位名称：名词短语3. a man always writing articlesa man always writing articles一个常写文章的人 语言单位名称：名词短语在实验室 语言单位名称： 介词短语4. mentally and physically healthy 5. see a film 1 身心健康 语言单位名称：形容词短语6. Mr. Li will visit y
2、ou at 2：00 pm. 李先生下午两点会来拜访你。李先生下午两点会来拜访你。语言单位名称：句子语言单位名称：句子看电影 语言单位名称：动词短语7. Stand up 7. Stand up ！站起来！语言单位名称：句子语言单位名称：句子1 一个主谓结构就是一个句子。通常，主语和谓语是句子必不可少的两个组成部分，祈使句可省略主语。* *句子成分由词或词组充当句子成分由词或词组充当英语的基本成分有七种：英语的基本成分有七种：_和和_主语（主语（subjectsubject）、）、谓语（谓语（predicatepredicate）、）、表语（表语（predicativepredicative）
3、、）、宾语（宾语（objectobject）、）、定语（定语（attributeattribute）、）、状语状语(adverbial)(adverbial)补语（补语（complementcomplement）。）。首先，让我们来了解一下主语，谓语，宾语，表语。1. 1. 主语主语 ( Subject )( Subject )表示句子说的是表示句子说的是“什么人什么人” ” 或或 “ “什么事什么事”。通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。通常由名词、代词、主语从句或动名词短语等充当。例如：例如： 1. 1. My teacherMy teacher hates telling li
4、es. hates telling lies.（指老师这个指老师这个人）人） 2. 2. Great changesGreat changes have taken place in China in have taken place in China in the past thirty years. the past thirty years. （所发生的事情（所发生的事情 很多大的变很多大的变化化）2. 谓语谓语 ( Predicate ) 说明主语说明主语“做什么做什么” “” “是什么是什么” ” 或或 “ “怎么样怎么样”。 通常由动词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。通常由动
5、词或动词短语结合时态、语态、语气等充当。 要弄清两个概念：要弄清两个概念： 及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词；及物动词：后面直接接宾语的动词； 不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。不及物动词：后面不能直接接宾语的动词。例如：例如： 1. Children 1. Children likelike playing games. playing games. 2. They 2. They were talking aboutwere talking about a new film. a new film.3. 宾语宾语 ( Object )常指及物动词或介词后面使之意思完整常指及物动词或介词后
6、面使之意思完整的词的词或或短语短语。常。常由名词、代词、动词不定式由名词、代词、动词不定式或动或动名词短名词短语等充当。语等充当。例如：例如：1. She has finished 1. She has finished doing the experimentdoing the experiment. .2. We like 2. We like EnglishEnglish and are good at and are good at it it. .4. 表语表语 ( Predicative )与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质特征等。与系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质
7、特征等。常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充常由名词、代词、形容词、数词、短语或从句等充当。当。例如：例如：1. Her grandfather is 1. Her grandfather is an engineeran engineer. .2. The two countries were 2. The two countries were at warat war then. then.3. The fact seems 3. The fact seems that he didnt notice the carthat he didnt notice the car. .分两
8、类：分两类：等，表情况；等，表情况；等属另一类，表变化。等属另一类，表变化。be be 本身没有什么意义本身没有什么意义, ,只起连系主语和表语的作用。只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。多可用作连系动词：多可用作连系动词：look well/look well/面色好面色好, sound , sound nice/nice/听起来不错听起来不错,feel good/,feel good/感觉好，感觉好，smell bad/smell bad/难闻难闻 二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有二、按照句子的结构来分，英语的句子有以下三种类型：以下三种类
9、型：1 1、简单句、简单句：简单句只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语动词（或并列谓语动词）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.2 2、并列句、并列句：并列句由并列连词或分号“；”把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。如：It is late , so we must hurry.3、复合句、复合句：复合句中含有一个或一个以上的从句。如：If we want to keep fit , we must alway
10、s remember that prevention is better than cure. 从以上并列句和复合句的例句来看，我们不难看出它们实际上是由几个简单句通过并列连词或从属连词连接起来的。因此，只要我们掌握了简单句的几种基本句型，我们就可以通过在句中寻找起连接作用的连词来分析复杂的句子。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。一：一： （主谓）（主谓）二：二： （主系表）（主系表）三：三： （主谓宾）（主谓宾）四：四： （主谓间宾直宾）（主
11、谓间宾直宾）五：五： （主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）基本句型基本句型 一：一： （不及物动词）（不及物动词）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一个此句型的句子有一个共同特点共同特点，即句子的谓语，即句子的谓语动词动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等
12、。基本句型基本句型 二：二： （主系表）（主系表）此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词谓语动词都都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类意思。这类动词动词叫做连系动词。叫做连系动词。 （是系动词）（是系动词） （表语）（表语） 1. This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 2. The dinner smells good. 3. He fell in love. 4.
13、Everything looks different. 5. He is growing tall and strong. 6. Our well has gone dry. 7. His face turned red. *There be 结构结构： There be There be 表示表示存在有存在有。这。这里的里的therethere没有实际意义，不可与副词没有实际意义，不可与副词therethere那里那里混淆。混淆。 此结构后跟名词，表示此结构后跟名词，表示（存在）有某事物（存在）有某事物 试比较：试比较：There is a boy thereThere is a boy t
14、here. .（那儿有一个男（那儿有一个男孩。）孩。）前一个前一个therethere无实意，后一个无实意，后一个therethere为副词为副词那里那里。基本句型基本句型 三：三： （主谓宾）（主谓宾）此句型句子的此句型句子的共同共同是：谓语动词是：谓语动词，但不能表达完整的意思，但不能表达完整的意思，即动作的承受者，才能使意，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。 （及物动词）（及物动词） （宾语）（宾语）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys
15、reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型基本句型 四：四： （主谓间宾直宾）（主谓间宾直宾）有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，有些及物动词可以有两个宾语，egeg：buy, find, buy, find, bring, give, teach, tell, lend, offer, bring, give, teach, tell, lend, offer, promise,promise,givegive/pass/bring/show/pass/bring/show。这两个宾语通常。这两个
16、宾语通常一个指人一个指人( (间接宾语间接宾语) )；一个指物；一个指物( (直接宾语直接宾语) )。-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Show this house to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. -Bring it to me, please. （及物）（及物） （多指人）（多指人） （多指物）（多指物）1.She ordered herself a new dress. 2. He brought you a dictionary. 3. I showed him my pictures. 4. I told him
17、 that the bus was late. 5. He showed me how to run the machine. 注意：有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为to引导的短语，这类动词有give, hand, show, send, bring, pass, lend, teach, tell, write,throw, sell, email等，表示动作是对谁做的。如： Can you lend us your car? =Can you lend your car to us? 有些动词引导的间接宾语可改为for引导的短语，这类动词有buy, play, get, make, order
18、, choose, sing, pay等，表示动作是为谁做的。如： My uncle bought me a watch. =My uncle bought a watch for me.一 找出下列句中的直接宾语。1. She gave me her telephone number.2. Bring me some water, please.3. Ill make you some fresh tea.4. He sang us a folk song.5. She showed me her paintings.二 改为同义句 6 Tom gave me a nice pen. Tom
19、_ a nice pen_ me.7 My mother bought my little sister a pink shirt. My mother_ a pink shirt_ my little sister.8 She cooked us a delicious meal. She _ a delicious meal _us.9 Tim showed me his nice T-shirt. Tim_ his nice T-shirt_ me.10 She made me a cup of coffee. She_ a cup of coffee_ me.gavetoboughtf
20、orcookedforshowedtomadefor基本句型基本句型 五：五： （主谓宾宾补）（主谓宾宾补）此句型的句子的此句型的句子的是：动词虽然是及物动词，是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个一个补充成分补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语宾语补足语：位于：位于宾语之后宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成对宾语作出说明的成分。可以用作分。可以用作宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不宾语补足语的有名词，形容词，不定式，动名词，分词，介词短定式，动名词，分词，介词短语等语等,它与宾语构成它
21、与宾语构成主谓关系或动宾关系。主谓关系或动宾关系。The war made him a soldier.New methods make the job easy.I often find him at work.The teacher ask the students to close the windows.I saw a cat running across the road.名词名词/代词宾格代词宾格 + n./adj./ 介词短语介词短语/动词不定式动词不定式/分词分词 （及物）（及物） （宾语）（宾语） （宾补）（宾补） 1. They painted the door green
22、. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. 句子翻译。1.他们请我和他们一起去。2.我刚才看见她在跟Jane谈话。3.你认为这部电影精彩吗？4.你建议我做什么？5.你注意到他进来了吗？They asked me to go with them.I saw her talking with Jane just now.Do you think the film wonderful?
23、What did you advise me to do?Did you notice him come in?a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do._4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，除了基本句型的成分不变外，
24、通常是在这些成分除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些的前面或后面增加一些而加以扩大。这些而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是修饰语可以是（adj./adv./num.adj./adv./num.数数词）词） 、（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）。我们称之为：我们称之为：The The littlelittle boy needs a boy needs a blueblue pen. pen. 定语是对名词或代词起定语是对名词或代词起、作用的词、短语或作用的词、短语或句子，译为句子，译为常由形容词、形容词性物常由形容词、形容词性
25、物主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式主代词、名词、数词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词短语等充当或分词短语等充当。常放位置：常放位置：定定语通常位于被修饰的语通常位于被修饰的。复合不定代词复合不定代词（something/nothingsomething/nothing）之后；）之后；不定式不定式/ /分词短语分词短语/ /从句作定语从句作定语时要放在被修饰的成时要放在被修饰的成分后；分后；副词副词用作定语时须放在名词用作定语时须放在名词。Two boys need two pens.His name is Tom.The boy in blue is Tom.The boy t
26、here needs a pen.The boy needs a ball pen. There is nothing to do today.The pen bought by her is made in China.The boy you will know is Tom. 二、状语：二、状语：状语修饰状语修饰动词动词、形容词形容词、副词副词或或全句全句的句的句子成分，说明子成分，说明方式方式、因果因果、条件条件、时间时间、地点地点、让步让步、方向方向、程度程度、目的目的等等-The boy needs a pen now.-The boy needs a pen very much.可
27、用作状语的有副词可用作状语的有副词, ,不定式，分词，介词短语，不定式，分词，介词短语，从句等从句等。 In the classroomIn the classroom, the boy needs a pen. , the boy needs a pen. 在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。在教室里，男孩需要一支钢笔。 （地点状语）（地点状语）Before his motherBefore his mother, Tom is always a boy. , Tom is always a boy. 在母亲面前在母亲面前, ,汤姆总是一个男孩子汤姆总是一个男孩子.(.(条件状语条件状语) )On
28、SundaysOn Sundays, there is no student in the , there is no student in the classroom. classroom. 星期天星期天, ,教室里没有学生教室里没有学生.(.(时间状语时间状语) ) 介词短语作状语：介词短语作状语：He sits there, He sits there, asking for a penasking for a pen. .他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）他坐在那儿要一支笔。（表示伴随状态）Having to finish his homeworkHaving to finish h
29、is homework, the boy , the boy needs a pen.needs a pen.因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因因为不得不完成作业，男孩需要一支笔。（原因状语）状语）FrightenedFrightened, he sits there soundlessly., he sits there soundlessly.（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因（因为）受了惊吓，他无声地坐在那儿。（原因状语）状语）分词（短语）作状语：分词（短语）作状语：The boy needs a pen The boy needs a pen to do his hom
30、eworkto do his homework. .男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）男孩需要一支笔写家庭作业。（目的状语）To make his dream come trueTo make his dream come true, Tom becomes , Tom becomes very interested in business.very interested in business.为实现梦想为实现梦想, ,汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣汤姆变得对商业很有兴趣. . 不定式作状语：不定式作状语：时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、结果状
31、语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、结果状语从句、目的状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句让步状语从句、条件状语从句 -We chatted -We chatted as we walked along.as we walked along.- -Even if she laughs at himEven if she laughs at him, he adores her., he adores her.三、同位语：三、同位语：We We studentsstudents should study hard. should study hard. (students(stud
32、ents是是wewe的同位语，都是指同一批的同位语，都是指同一批学学生生）We We allall are students. are students. (all(all是是wewe的同位语，都指同样的的同位语，都指同样的我们我们） 四、独立成分：四、独立成分：与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的与全句没有语法关系的句子成分叫做句子的感叹词：感叹词：oh, hello, aha, ah,oh, hello, aha, ah,等。等。肯定词肯定词: :yesyes否定词否定词: :nono称呼语：称呼语：称呼人的用语。称呼人的用语。插入语：插入语：一些句中插入的一些句中插入的 I think
33、 , I believe,I think , I believe,等。等。如如: The story, I think, has never come to the : The story, I think, has never come to the end.end. 我相信我相信, ,这个故事还远没结束这个故事还远没结束. . 一一) ) 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework.My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak Engli
34、sh. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you?to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at t
35、he gate said he was The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.ill.( (二二) ) 挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man felt very tired.- The old man felt very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the - Soon They all became interested in
36、 the subject.subject.( (三三) ) 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your given name?1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep 2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am
37、waiting for the sound of the other 4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!shoe!( (四四) ) 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspapers She likes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room.and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out
38、of school. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.( (五五) ) 挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile
39、on her face.There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he was He began to learn English when he was eleven.eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling The man on the motorbike was traveling to
40、o fast.too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.V. V. 句子的分类（按用途）句子的分类（按用途）句子按用途可分为：句子按用途可分为：1.1. 陈述句陈述句 （Declara
41、tive SentencesDeclarative Sentences）2.2. 疑问句疑问句 （Interrogative SentencesInterrogative Sentences）3.3. 祈使句祈使句 （Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences）4.4. 感叹句感叹句 （Exclamatory SentencesExclamatory Sentences） 用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如：用来说明一个事实或陈述一种看法。例如： 1) Light travels faster than sound.1) Light travels fa
42、ster than sound. 光比声传播速度快。（说明事实）光比声传播速度快。（说明事实） 2) The film is rather boring.2) The film is rather boring. 这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）这部电影很乏味。（说明看法）1. 1. 陈述句（陈述句（Declarative SentencesDeclarative Sentences）要特别注意陈述句的否定结构要特别注意陈述句的否定结构 首先，否定转移首先，否定转移: :主句谓语动词是主句谓语动词是think, expect, think, expect, believe, suppose, gu
43、ess believe, suppose, guess 等表等表“认为认为” ” 的动词时的动词时, ,宾语宾语从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上从句的否定习惯上前移到主句谓语上. .例如：例如：1) I dont think I know you.1) I dont think I know you. 2) She doesnt believe you are wrong. 2) She doesnt believe you are wrong.注意注意: : hope hope 不在此列不在此列. .误误: I dont hope it will rain.: I dont hope it
44、will rain.正正: I hope it wont rain.: I hope it wont rain. 第二，第二， 句中含有句中含有never, seldom, hardly, never, seldom, hardly, scarcely, rarely, barely, nothing, nobody, scarcely, rarely, barely, nothing, nobody, nowherenowhere等词时等词时, , 应视为否定句。例如：应视为否定句。例如：1) I could 1) I could hardlyhardly hear anything. he
45、ar anything.2) He 2) He rarelyrarely comes to see me. comes to see me.3)3) None None of us has been to Beijing. of us has been to Beijing.4) I saw 4) I saw nothingnothing in the darkness. in the darkness.5) We could find her 5) We could find her nowherenowhere. . 第三，第三， 部分否定和全部否定部分否定和全部否定: : all, bo
46、th, either, every, everybody, all, both, either, every, everybody, everyday, everywhere, alwayseveryday, everywhere, always与与not not 连用时连用时, , 表表示部分否定示部分否定。表。表示全部否定要用示全部否定要用no, neither,no, neither, none, nobody, nothing, never , nowhere none, nobody, nothing, never , nowhere 等词等词. .肯定肯定: All the ant
47、s go out for food.部分否定部分否定: Not all the ants go out for food.或或: All the ants dont go out for food.全部否定全部否定: None of the ants goes out for food.或或: Not any of the ants goes out for food.我们可将英语陈述句的句序归纳如下：主谓（宾）主谓（宾）/ /主系表一条线，定语和名词紧相连。主系表一条线，定语和名词紧相连。不是在后就在前，状语很少在中间。不是在后就在前，状语很少在中间。 用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈
48、使句用来提出请求，建议或发出命令，肯定的祈使句用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用用动词原形开头，否定的祈使句用Dont Dont 或或 Never +Never +动词原形开头。例如：动词原形开头。例如： 1. Sit down, please!1. Sit down, please! 2. Dont be nervous! 2. Dont be nervous!2. 2. 祈使句（祈使句（Imperative SentencesImperative Sentences）有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如：有些祈使句还可以没有动词。例如：Silence!Silence! No parking! No
49、parking!有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词有时为了加强语气还可以在动词前面用上助动词dodo。例如：例如：Do come earlier, please!Do come earlier, please! 表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤表示说话人惊奇、喜悦、愤怒等怒等情情绪，常用绪，常用whatwhat或或howhow来引来引导。导。常常见的句型结构是：见的句型结构是： 3. 感叹句（感叹句（Exclamatory Sentences）感叹句感叹句两种结构：1. What a/an + adj.+ 可数名词+（主语+谓语 What + adj .+ 复数名词 + （主语 + 谓语） W
50、hat + adj. + 不可数名词+ （主语 + 谓语） What a dangerous scene it was! What terrible weather weve been having these days! 2. How + 主语 + 谓语 （省略adj./adv.） How + adj. + a/an + 可数名词单数 + 主语 + 谓语 How + adj./adv.+主语 + 谓语 How beautiful a picture it is! How we love our great motherland! 练习一 把下列句子变成感叹句：1. She runs quic