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1、现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter10Chapter10 English Idioms?10.1 Introductory Remarks?10.2 Sources of English Idioms?10.3 Classification of Idioms?10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idioms10.1 Introductory Remarks?Idiom: is a combination of two or more words which are usually
2、 structurally fixed and semantically opaque, and function asa single unit of meaning.?Englishidiom: is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words.eg.a feather in sb.s cap an honour ,success ,of which one can be prouddraw a blankto fail to discover or
3、 find out about sth. after searching hard and asking many questions .*Idioms are usually semantically opaque, i.e. metaphorical rather than literal.An idiom functions as a unit of meaning.?Features: a. semantic opaqueness; b. structural invariability.?English idioms form an essential part of the gen
4、eral vocabulary.Idioms reflect the environment, life, history and culture of the native speakers, and are closely associated with their innermostspirit and feeling.10.2 Sources of English IdiomsMany idiomatic expressions come from:1)Everyday life of the English people;eg. to keep ones shirt on要有耐; 别
5、紧张; 指不要紧张t o give sb. the cold shoulder冷落某2)Agricultural life;eg. to go to seed花谢结; 下坡路; 花谢结籽to lead sb. up the garden path迷惑某,使某产错觉,花巧语3)Nautical and military life;eg. be in the same boat with同共济to be in deep waters陷困境4)Business life;eg. to come under the hammer将要落锤to talk shop三句不离本5)Student life;e
6、g. to speak by the book引经据典to turn over a new leaf重新开始(改过新,过新活)6)Food and cooking;eg. to keep the pot boiling仅糊;苟延残喘to be in the soup陷困境7)Sports and cad-playing;eg. to keep the ball rolling不使中断to reach first base取得初步成就8)The Bible;eg. a thorn in the flesh中刺,眼中钉,烦恼的根源to turn the other cheek忍吞声t he app
7、le of ones eyes掌上明珠9)Shakespeares plays;eg. to flutter the dovecotes扰乱鸽棚to give the Devil his due勿掩恶善，平论10)fables, myths or legends.eg. sour grapes（指某因得不到某物称该事物不好）酸葡萄the lions share（最份额或最的份）狮的份额10.3 Classification of IdiomsThere are several criteria of classification of idioms. We classify them by s
8、tructural criterion.A.Phrase idioms短语成语According to the central word , they may subdivided into:1. Verb phrase idiom*a) All common English verbs, most of which are of native Anglo-Saxon origin, can combine with adverbs and prepositions toform phrasal verbs.b) Most of the verb phrase idioms are often
9、 nearly synonymous with loan words of Roman origin.c) Verb phrase idioms can form noun compounds.d) Phrasal verbs usually more lively and expressive than single verbs.eg. fall flat失所望; 残败bite the hand that feeds one以怨报德2. Noun phrase idiomThe commonest functions of noun phrase idioms:a) As the direc
10、t object of a clause;b) As the complement of a clause;c) As the object of a preposition.eg. a bakers dozen 三个Jack of all trades 万事通; 万油3. Adjective phrase idiomThe commonest function of adjective phrase idioms is as complement of a clause. eg. high and mighty盛凌;趾扬wide of the mark毫不沾边4. Prepositional
11、 phrase idiomFunctions of prepositional phrase idioms are:a) As an adjunct modifying a verb; 附属修饰语b) As a complement;补语c) As a complement or adjunct;d) As a disjunct; 分离判断语，附加语e) As a connecting phrase.B. Clause idioms主语从句成语Most of these idioms are terse, colloquial, vivid and changed with life.1. V
12、erb + complement pattern2. Verb + direct object pattern3. Verb + direct object + complement pattern4. Verb + indirect object + direct object pattern5. Verb + direct object + adjunct patternC. Sentence idioms句成语1. Proverbs;2. Typical conversational expressionseg. Upon my word! 我敢担保!Well begun is half
13、 done.半途废Kill the goose that laid the golden egg.毁掉财路; 杀鸡取卵10.4 Syntactic, structural and stylistic analysis of idiomsA. syntactic function句法的功能1. The syntactic function of most phrase idioms usually corresponds with the central word or components.2. The syntactic function of some phrase idioms can
14、vary.3. Prepositional phrase idioms have very diverse functions.4. noun + noun phrases have diverse functions.eg. He has a gift of the gab.(the ability to talk readily and easily )B. transformational restrictions 结构转换的限制性Transformation is a matter of structural change, and the change may be of vario
15、us kinds.1. Some verb phrases may change word order.2. Some cannot change their word order.3. Some verb phrases may be passivized, but some can not.4. Most of the clause idioms cannot be put into the passive voice, while some of them can be used either way.5. The direct object usually does not under
16、go passive transformation; only the indirect object can be passivized.6. Some clause idioms may be made passive with a meaning quite different from what it had in the active form.C. Collocative restrictions 搭配限制1. Words collocate with idioms as the subjects, objects, predicates etc. of different typ
17、es of phrase and clause idioms.2. Some idioms have a wide range of collocates while some have a limited choice.3. For some idioms, one has to consider which collocates will serve as adjuncts.D. Structural variability结构变化Idioms are structurally fixed, and as a rule one are not supposed to change any
18、element in an idiomatic expression. But it isnot unusual for writers to give a new twist to an old saying by making slight changes for rhetorical effect.Some ways of alteration in idioms:1. The replacement of one element by another without affecting the meaning of the whole.2. Insertion of one or more words into an idiomatic expression without changing its basic meaning.3. Deletion of one or more words, especially articles.E. Stylistic features体特征1. Most idioms are stylistically neutral;2. But some of them belong to informal spoken English;3. Some idiom phrases are slangy.