《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter.pdf（4页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、word 专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载 Chapter10 English Idioms 10.1 Introductory Remarks 10.2 Sources of English Idioms 10.3 Classification of Idioms 10.4 Syntactic,structural and stylistic analysis of idioms 10.1 Introductory Remarks Idiom:is a combination of two or more words which are usually structurally fixed a
2、nd semantically opaque,and function as a single unit of meaning.English idiom:is a group of words with a special meaning different from the meanings of its constituent words.eg.a feather in sb.s cap an honour,success,of which one can be proud draw a blank to fail to discover or find out about sth.af
3、ter searching hard and asking many questions.*Idioms are usually semantically opaque,i.e.metaphorical rather than literal.An idiom functions as a unit of meaning.Features:a.semantic opaqueness;b.structural invariability.English idioms form an essential part of the general vocabulary.Idioms reflect t
4、he environment,life,history and culture of the native speakers,and are closely associated with their innermost spirit and feeling.10.2 Sources of English Idioms Many idiomatic expressions come from:1)Everyday life of the English people;eg.to keep ones shirt on 要有耐心;别紧张;指不要紧张 to give sb.the cold shou
5、lder 冷落某人 2)Agricultural life;eg.to go to seed 花谢结子;走下坡路;花谢结籽 to lead sb.up the garden path 迷惑某人,使某人产生错觉,花言巧语 3)Nautical and military life;eg.be in the same boat with 同舟共济 to be in deep waters 陷入困境 4)Business life;eg.to come under the hammer 将要落锤 to talk shop 三句不离本行 5)Student life;eg.to speak by the
6、 book 引经据典 to turn over a new leaf 重新开始(改过自新,过新生活)6)Food and cooking;eg.to keep the pot boiling 仅足糊口;苟延残喘 to be in the soup 陷入困境 7)Sports and cad-playing;eg.to keep the ball rolling 不使中断 to reach first base 取得初步成就 word 专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载 8)The Bible;eg.a thorn in the flesh 肉中刺,眼中钉,烦恼的根源 to turn the oth
7、er cheek 忍气吞声 the apple of ones eyes 掌上明珠 9)Shakespeares plays;eg.to flutter the dovecotes 扰乱鸽棚 to give the Devil his due 勿掩恶人善，平心而论 10)fables,myths or legends.eg.sour grapes（指某人因得不到某物而称该事物不好）酸葡萄 the lions share（最大份额或最大的一份）狮子的份额 10.3 Classification of Idioms There are several criteria of classificat
8、ion of idioms.We classify them by structural criterion.A.Phrase idioms 短语成语 According to the central word,they may subdivided into:1.Verb phrase idiom*a)All common English verbs,most of which are of native Anglo-Saxon origin,can combine with adverbs and prepositions to form phrasal verbs.b)Most of t
9、he verb phrase idioms are often nearly synonymous with loan words of Roman origin.c)Verb phrase idioms can form noun compounds.d)Phrasal verbs usually more lively and expressive than single verbs.eg.fall flat 大失所望;残败 bite the hand that feeds one 以怨报德 2.Noun phrase idiom The commonest functions of no
10、un phrase idioms:a)As the direct object of a clause;b)As the complement of a clause;c)As the object of a preposition.eg.a bakers dozen 十三个 Jack of all trades 万事通;万金油 3.Adjective phrase idiom The commonest function of adjective phrase idioms is as complement of a clause.eg.high and mighty 盛气凌人;趾高气扬 w
11、ide of the mark 毫不沾边 4.Prepositional phrase idiom Functions of prepositional phrase idioms are:a)As an adjunct modifying a verb;附属修饰语 b)As a complement;补语 c)As a complement or adjunct;d)As a disjunct;分离判断语，附加语 e)As a connecting phrase.word 专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载 B.Clause idioms 无主语从句成语 Most of these idioms
12、 are terse,colloquial,vivid and changed with life.1.Verb+complement pattern 2.Verb+direct object pattern 3.Verb+direct object+complement pattern 4.Verb+indirect object+direct object pattern 5.Verb+direct object+adjunct pattern C.Sentence idioms 句子成语 1.Proverbs;2.Typical conversational expressions eg
13、.Upon my word!我敢担保!Well begun is half done.半途而废 Kill the goose that laid the golden egg.毁掉财路;杀鸡取卵 10.4 Syntactic,structural and stylistic analysis of idioms A.syntactic function 句法的功能 1.The syntactic function of most phrase idioms usually corresponds with the central word or components.2.The syntact
14、ic function of some phrase idioms can vary.3.Prepositional phrase idioms have very diverse functions.4.noun+noun phrases have diverse functions.eg.He has a gift of the gab.(the ability to talk readily and easily)B.transformational restrictions 结构转换的限制性 Transformation is a matter of structural change
15、,and the change may be of various kinds.1.Some verb phrases may change word order.2.Some cannot change their word order.3.Some verb phrases may be passivized,but some can not.4.Most of the clause idioms cannot be put into the passive voice,while some of them can be used either way.5.The direct objec
16、t usually does not undergo passive transformation;only the indirect object can be passivized.6.Some clause idioms may be made passive with a meaning quite different from what it had in the active form.C.Collocative restrictions 搭配限制 1.Words collocate with idioms as the subjects,objects,predicates et
17、c.of different types of phrase and clause idioms.2.Some idioms have a wide range of collocates while some have a limited choice.3.For some idioms,one has to consider which collocates will serve as adjuncts.D.Structural variability 结构变化 Idioms are structurally fixed,and as a rule one are not supposed
18、 to change any element in an idiomatic expression.But it is not unusual for writers to give a new twist to an old saying by making slight changes for rhetorical effect.word 专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载 Some ways of alteration in idioms:1.The replacement of one element by another without affecting the meaning of
19、the whole.2.Insertion of one or more words into an idiomatic expression without changing its basic meaning.3.Deletion of one or more words,especially articles.E.Stylistic features 文体特征 1.Most idioms are stylistically neutral;2.But some of them belong to informal spoken English;3.Some idiom phrases are slangy.